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    Hierarchy of Income-tax Authorities in India : Clause 236 of the Income Tax Bill, 2025 Vs. Section 1...
    Exclusion from the Indian Tonnage Tax Regime : Clause 234(4)-(7) of the Income Tax Bill, 2025 Vs. Se...
    Anti-Abuse Safeguards in the Indian Tonnage Tax Regime : Clause 234(1)-(3) of the Income Tax Bill, 2...
    Temporary Cessation and Qualifying Status under India's Tonnage Tax Regime : Clause 232(22)-(23) of ...
    Continuity of Tonnage Tax Benefits in Shipping Sector Demergers : Clause 233(5)-(6) of Income Tax Bi...
    Continuity of Tonnage Tax Benefits in Shipping Amalgamations : Clause 233(1)-(4) of the Income Tax B...
    Determination of Tonnage for Shipping Companies under Indian Tax Law : Clause 227(9) of the Income T...
    Compliance Requirements under India's Tonnage Tax Regime : Clause 232(21) of Income Tax Bill, 2025 v...
    Charter-in Limits under India's Tonnage Tax Regime : Clause 232(15)-(20) of the Income Tax Bill, 202...
    Minimum Training Mandates in India's Tonnage Tax Framework : Clause 232(12)-(14) of the Income Tax B...
    Evolving Compliance Obligations under the Tonnage Tax Scheme: Clause 232(1)-(11) of the Income Tax B...
    Examination of provision of Disqualification from Tonnage Tax Scheme : Clause 231(12) of the Income ...
    Examining Renewal Provisions for Tonnage Tax in Indian Shipping Taxation : Clause 231(10)-(11) of In...
    Duration and Cessation of Tonnage Tax Option : Clause 231(8)-(9) of the Income Tax Bill, 2025 Vs. Se...
    Procedural framework for opting into the tonnage tax scheme : Clause 231(1)-(7) of Income Tax Bill, ...
    Legal and Practical Implications of Excluding Tonnage Tax Profits from Book Profits in Indian Shippi...
    Capital Gains taxation on Qualifying Ships : Clause 229(8) to (10) of the Income Tax Bill, 2025 Vs. ...
    Loss Set-Off and Apportionment in the Shipping Industry : Clause 230(2)-(4) of the Income Tax Bill, ...
    Exclusion of Deductions and Loss Set-Off under the Tonnage Tax Regime : Clause 230(1) of the Income ...
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    Act RulesBills
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    Hierarchy of tax authorities clarified: consolidation and streamlined nomenclature aim to centralise appellate functions and improve clarity.
    Clause 236 consolidates the hierarchy of income-tax authorities-from the Central Board of Direct Taxes to Inspectors and Tax Recovery Officers-streamlining nomenclature and grouping alternative designations. It notably omits Deputy Commissioners (Appeals), signalling possible consolidation of first-level appellate functions at higher levels, and leaves allocation of specific powers and appellate responsibilities to subordinate rules and notifications.
    Act RulesBills
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    Tonnage tax exclusion: anti abuse power to remove companies from the regime where transactions lack bona fide commercial purpose.
    Clause 234(4)-(7) empowers the Assessing Officer to exclude a tonnage tax company by written order where transactions amount to an abuse of the tonnage tax scheme, operating retrospectively from the first day of the tax year in which the transaction was entered into; exclusion requires prior show cause notice and higher-level approval, and does not apply where the company satisfies the Assessing Officer that the transaction was a bona fide commercial arrangement not entered into for tax advantage.
    Act RulesBills
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    Anti-abuse safeguards in tonnage tax: exclusion applies where arrangements produce tax advantages for non-eligible activities.
    Clause 234(1)-(3) excludes the tonnage tax scheme where a tonnage tax company is party to any transaction or arrangement that constitutes an abuse by resulting, or that would but for the clause have resulted, in a tax advantage for persons other than the tonnage tax company or for the company in respect of its non-tonnage activities. "Tax advantage" includes manipulation of expense or interest allowances or cost allocation affecting non-tonnage income or loss, and transactions producing more than ordinary profits from tonnage tax activities.
    Act RulesBills
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    Temporary cessation of operations preserves tonnage tax continuity, but temporary loss of qualifying status suspends benefits for that period.
    A company is deemed to be operating a qualifying ship for tonnage tax purposes during periods of temporary cessation of operations, so long as the cessation is not permanent; however, a ship that temporarily ceases to meet the statutory criteria of a qualifying ship is excluded from qualifying status for the period of non-qualification and cannot attract tonnage tax benefits during that time.
    Act RulesBills
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    Continuity of tonnage tax benefits preserves scheme application for qualifying companies after demerger, subject to statutory conditions.
    Where a demerged company transfers its business to a resulting company before expiry of its tonnage tax option, the tonnage tax scheme shall, subject to other provisions, apply to the resulting company for the unexpired period if it is a qualifying company; similarly, the demerged company retains its option for the unexpired period if it continues to be a qualifying company, with both continuities conditional on statutory eligibility, procedural compliance, and anti-avoidance requirements.
    Act RulesBills
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    Continuity of tonnage tax: amalgamated qualifying shipping companies retain the scheme subject to qualifying status and option deadlines.
    Clause 233(1)-(4) secures continuity of the tonnage tax regime on amalgamation by applying the scheme to the amalgamated company if it remains a qualifying company, requiring non-tonnage amalgamated companies to elect the scheme within a prescribed short period, granting the amalgamated entity the longest unexpired option period when multiple merging companies are under the scheme, and excluding entities that failed to elect during the original implementation window from accessing the regime post-amalgamation.
    Act RulesBills
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    Tonnage determination by statutory certificates ensures objective tonnage income computation and limits administrative discretion, aligning with international practice.
    The net tonnage for tonnage income must be determined from prescribed certificates: Indian ships by Merchant Shipping Rules or the 1969 Convention certificate as applicable; foreign ships by a DG Shipping licence reflecting Flag State tonnage certificates or other evidence acceptable to the DG; inland vessels by Inland Vessels Act, 2021 certificates. Reliance on statutory certificates is central, reducing subjective measurement and constraining administrative assessment to verification of certificate authenticity.
    Act RulesBills
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    Tonnage tax compliance: separate books and certified accountant's report required or tonnage tax option lapses for the year.
    Clause 232(21) makes the tonnage tax option contingent, each year, on maintaining separate books of account for qualifying ship operations and on furnishing a prescribed, duly signed and verified accountant's report before the specified filing date; failure of either requirement renders the tonnage tax option ineffective for that tax year.
    Act RulesBills
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    Charter in cap limits chartered tonnage; breach triggers loss of tonnage tax benefit and possible scheme disqualification.
    Clause 232(15)-(20) limits chartered in net tonnage for tonnage tax electors, requires assessment on average net tonnage with the averaging method prescribed in consultation with the Director General of Shipping, excludes bareboat charter cum demise vessels from charter in calculations, and prescribes loss of tonnage tax benefit for a year of breach and permanent cessation of the option after two consecutive years of breach.
    Act RulesBills
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    Minimum training requirement - automatic loss of tonnage tax eligibility after consecutive noncompliance; annual certification required with tax return.
    Companies opting for the tonnage tax regime must train trainee officers as per guidelines of the Director-General of Shipping and furnish an annually issued compliance certificate in the prescribed form with their tax return; sustained non-compliance over consecutive years results in automatic cessation of the company's option for the tonnage tax scheme from the year following the concluding year of default. Delegation to the Director-General allows technical adaptability but leaves open statutory ambiguities on thresholds, partial compliance and transitional treatment.
    Act RulesBills
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    Tonnage Tax Reserve requirement ties tonnage tax access to reinvestment in qualifying shipping assets under the Bill.
    Clause 232 conditions tonnage tax access on crediting a specified portion of book profit from qualifying shipping activities to a Tonnage Tax Reserve Account, usable within eight years for acquisition of a new ship or inland vessel; interim restrictions prevent distribution or foreign remittance, and proportional re taxation, carryforward rules, and cessation of the option after sustained default enforce compliance.
    Act RulesBills
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    Tonnage tax disqualification: companies face a ten-year bar on re-entry after opting out, default, or formal exclusion.
    Clause 231(12) bars a qualifying company from opting for the tonnage tax scheme for ten years where the company: voluntarily opts out; defaults in complying with the specified compliance provisions; or has its option excluded by a formal exclusion order, with the disqualification period measured from the date of the triggering event.
    Act RulesBills
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    Tonnage tax renewal requires timely application and procedural parity with initial grant, subject to eligibility and potential ineligibility period.
    Clause 231(10) requires renewal of an approved tonnage tax option within one year from the end of the tax year in which the prior option ceases, with renewal discretionary and subject to approval or refusal by the competent authority. Clause 231(11) imports sub sections (1) to (10) to apply equally to renewals, ensuring procedural parity-application format, eligibility checks, opportunity of being heard, timelines and cessation consequences-but leaves unresolved whether benefits continue during pendency or whether delayed applications may be condoned.
    Act RulesBills
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    Tonnage tax lock in establishes a multi year tenure and automatic cessation for qualification loss or compliance defaults.
    Clause 231(8)-(9) provides that an approved tonnage tax option remains in force for ten years from the tax year of exercise, and ceases from the tax year in which the company ceases to qualify, defaults on compliance under section 232(1)-(20), is excluded under the exclusion provision, or voluntarily declares in writing to the Assessing Officer that the part will not apply; on cessation, shipping profits are computed under the general provisions of the Act.
    Act RulesBills
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    Tonnage tax opting procedure ensures time-bound approval and procedural fairness under the updated legislative framework.
    A qualifying company must apply in the prescribed form to the Joint Commissioner within the statutory window; the Commissioner may call for documents, must afford an opportunity of being heard before refusing, and must communicate a written order within a set time measured from the end of the processing quarter. On approval, the tonnage tax regime applies from the tax year in which the option is exercised, with transitional provisions for IFSC units and further clauses governing duration, cessation, renewal and a bar on re-entry.
    Act RulesBills
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    Exclusion of book profits: tonnage tax income is removed from MAT computation to preserve the presumptive shipping regime.
    Clause 228(16) excludes the book profit or loss derived from the activities of a tonnage tax company, as defined in Clause 228(1), from the company's book profit for the purposes of section 206, thereby preventing MAT from applying to profits attributable to qualifying core and incidental shipping activities; the exclusion operates alongside detailed provisions on caps for incidental income, allocation of costs and depreciation, treatment of non qualifying ships, and transfer pricing adjustments.
    Act RulesBills
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    Capital gains on qualifying ships taxed under tonnage tax regime with WDV computed for block of qualifying assets.
    Profits or gains on transfer of capital assets forming part of the block of qualifying ships are chargeable to income-tax, with capital gains computed under the capital gains provisions specified in the Bill. For that computation, references to "written down value of the block of assets" are to be read as the "written down value of the block of qualifying assets", and that WDV is to be determined by the method prescribed in sub-section (2) of Clause 229.
    Act RulesBills
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    Tonnage tax loss set off limited to shipping income; pre option losses deemed set off and apportionment must be reasonable.
    Clause 230(2)-(4) (and mirror Section 115VM) deem pre option losses attributable to the tonnage tax business to have been set off against relevant shipping income while under the tonnage tax regime, bar their set off against non shipping income after opting in, and require any necessary apportionment to be made on a reasonable basis, creating documentary and evidentiary obligations and potential disputes over apportionment and the definition of relevant shipping income.
    Act RulesBills
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    Tonnage tax exclusion: carry forward and deductions barred, creating a self contained computation regime for shipping companies under new bill
    Clause 230(1) creates a self contained tonnage tax computation by deeming all business losses, allowances and deductions to have been given full effect in their year of origin, prohibiting carry forward or set off of shipping business losses once under the tonnage regime, excluding general chapter based deductions from tonnage profits, and requiring written down values of assets to be computed as if depreciation had been claimed and allowed each relevant year.
    Act RulesBills
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    Depreciation under tonnage tax: explicit WDV allocation formulas clarify asset classification and continuity of depreciation claims.
    Clause 229(1)-(7) mandates that, on entering the tonnage tax regime, depreciation be computed on the written down value attributable to qualifying ships by dividing the existing block WDV between qualifying and non qualifying assets using explicit proportional formulas; separate qualifying asset blocks are created, WDV is transferred proportionally upon reclassification, intra year depreciation is apportioned by days of use, and the resulting WDV blocks are deemed carried forward from the preceding year to preserve continuity.

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      AMENDMENTS IN THE CGST ACT, 2017

      2 February, 2022

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      Goods and Service Tax

      Note: (a) CGST Act means Central Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017

      (b) IGST Act means Integrated Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017

      (c) UTGST Act means Union Territory Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017

      Amendments carried out in the Finance Bill, 2022, vide clause 99 to 113 will come into effect from a date to be notified, as far as possible, concurrently with the corresponding amendments to the similar Acts passed by the States & Union territories with legislature. Amendments carried out in the Finance Bill, 2022, vide clause 114 to 123 will come into effect on the date of its enactment.

      I. AMENDMENTS IN THE CGST ACT, 2017:

      S.No.

      Amendment

      Clause of the Finance Bill, 2022

      1.

      A new clause (ba) to sub-section (2) of section 16 of the CGST Act is being inserted to provide that input tax credit with respect to a supply can be availed only if such credit has not been restricted in the details communicated to the taxpayer under section 38.

      Further, sub-section (4) of section 16 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to provide for an extended time for availment of input tax credit by a registered person in respect of any invoice or debit note pertaining to a financial year upto thirtieth day of November of the following financial year.

      [99]

      2.

      Clause (b) and (c) of sub-section (2) of section 29 of the CGST Act are being amended so as to provide that the registration of a person is liable for cancellation, where -

      (i) a person paying tax under section 10 has not furnished the return for a financial year beyond three months from the due date of furnishing of the said return;

      (ii) a person, other than those paying tax under section 10, has not furnished returns for such continuous tax period as may be prescribed.

      [100]

      3.

      Sub-section (2) of section 34 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to provide for an extended time for issuance of credit notes in respect of any supply made in a financial year upto thirtieth day of November of the following financial year.

      [101]

      4.

      Section 37 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to:

      (i) provide for prescribing conditions and restrictions for furnishing the details of outward supply and for communication of the details of such outward supplies to concerned recipients;

      (ii) do away with two-way communication process in return filing;

      (iii) provide for an extended time upto thirtieth day of November of the following financial year for rectification of errors in respect of details of outward supplies furnished under sub-section (1);

      (iv) provide for tax period-wise sequential filing of details of outward supplies under sub-section (1).

       

      [102]

      5.

      Section 38 of the CGST Act is being substituted for prescribing the manner as well as conditions and restrictions for communication of details of inward supplies and input tax credit to the recipient by means of an auto-generated statement and to do away with two-way communication process in return filing.

      [103]

      6.

      Section 39 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to:

      (i) provide that the non-resident taxable person shall furnish the return for a month by thirteenth day of the following month;

      (ii) provide an option to the persons furnishing return under proviso to sub-section (1), to pay either the self-assessed tax or an amount that may be prescribed;

      (iii) provide for an extended time upto thirtieth day of November of the following financial year, for rectification of errors in the return furnished under section 39;

      (iv) provide for furnishing of details of outward supplies of a tax period under sub-section (1) of section 37 as a condition for furnishing the return under section 39 for the said tax period.

      [104]

      7.

       Section 41 of the CGST Act is being substituted so as to do away with the concept of “claim” of eligible input tax credit on a “provisional” basis and to provide for availment of selfassessed input tax credit subject to such conditions and restrictions as may be prescribed.

      [105]

      8.

      Sections 42, 43 and 43A of the CGST Act are being omitted so as to do away with two-way communication process in return filing.

      [106]

      9.

      Section 47 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to provide for levy of late fee for delayed filing of return under section 52. Further, reference to section 38 is being removed consequent to the amendment in section 38 of the CGST Act.

      [107]

      10.

       Consequent to the amendment in section 38 of the CGST Act, sub-section (2) of section 48 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to remove reference to section 38 therefrom.

      [108]

      11.

      Section 49 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to:

      (i) provide for prescribing restrictions for utilizing the amount available in the electronic credit ledger;

      (ii) allow transfer of amount available in electronic cash ledger under the CGST Act of a registered person to the electronic cash ledger under the said Act or the IGST Act of a distinct person;

      (iii) provide for prescribing the maximum proportion of output tax liability which may be discharged through the electronic credit ledger.

      [109]

      12.

      Sub-section (3) of section 50 of the CGST Act is being substituted retrospectively, with effect from the 1st July, 2017, so as to provide for levy of interest on input tax credit wrongly availed and utilized.

      [110]

      13.

      Sub-section (6) of section 52 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to provide for an extended time upto thirtieth day of November of the following financial year for rectification of errors in the statement furnished under subsection (4).

      [111]

      14.

      Section 54 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to:

      (i) explicitly provide that refund claim of any balance in the electronic cash ledger shall be made in such form and manner as may be prescribed;

      (ii) provide the time limit for claiming refund of tax paid on inward supplies of goods or services or both under section 55 as two years from the last day of the quarter in which the said supply was received;

      (iii) extend the scope of withholding of or recovery from refunds in respect of all types of refund;

      (iv) provide clarity regarding the relevant date for filing refund claim in respect of supplies made to a Special Economic Zone developer or a Special Economic Zone unit by way of insertion of a new sub-clause (ba) in clause (2) of Explanation thereto.

      [112]

      15.

      Consequent to the amendment in section 38 of the CGST Act, sub-section (2) of section 168 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to remove reference to section 38 therefrom.

      [113]

      16.

      Notification No. 9/2018 – Central Tax, dated the 23rd January, 2018, is being amended so as to notify www.gst.gov.in, retrospectively, with effect from 22nd June, 2017, as the Common Goods and Services Tax Electronic Portal, for all functions provided under Central Goods and Services Tax  Rules, 2017, other than those provided for e-way bill and for generation of invoices under sub-rule (4) of rule 48 of the CGST Rules.

      [114]

      17.

      Notification No. 13/2017 – Central Tax, dated the 28th June, 2017, is being amended retrospectively, with effect from the 1st day of July, 2017, so as to notify rate of interest under subsection (3) of section 50 of the CGST Act as 18%.

      [115]

       

       


      Full Text:

      Budget 2022-23 + FINANCE Bill, 2022

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