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    Judicial and Legislative Perspectives on Mens Rea in Income Tax Prosecutions :Clause 490 of the Inco...
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    Presumption of culpable mental state shifts evidentiary burden to accused to disprove intent beyond reasonable doubt.
    Clause 490 mandates that once the prosecution establishes the actus reus, the court shall presume the existence of a culpable mental state-broadly defined to include intention, motive, knowledge, belief and reason to believe-and permits the accused to rebut that presumption only by proving absence of such mental state beyond reasonable doubt.
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    Presumption regarding assets and documents found in searches shifts evidentiary burden, now including virtual digital assets.
    Clause 489 creates a rebuttable presumption that assets (including virtual digital assets) and books or documents found in a person's possession during an authorised search, or received via requisition, are presumed to belong to that person and that documents' contents are true when tendered in prosecution, applied "so far as may be" by reference to the Bill's presumption provision and extending to other persons identified by the Bill's connected-person provision.
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    Presumption of karta guilt shifts evidential burden, requiring demonstration of due diligence to avoid prosecution.
    Clause 488 places primary criminal responsibility on the karta of a Hindu Undivided Family by deeming the karta guilty of an offence by the HUF, subject to statutory defences of lack of knowledge or proof of having exercised all due diligence. It further deems any member guilty where the offence is proved to have been committed with that member's consent or connivance or is attributable to their neglect, creating independent member liability while preserving the karta's available exculpatory defences.
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    Corporate officer liability: deeming provision shifts initial burden to accused, with due diligence defence for tax offences.
    Where a company commits an income-tax offence, the company and every person who was in charge of, and responsible to, the company for the conduct of the business at the time are statutorily deemed guilty and liable to prosecution, subject to a defence that the individual lacked knowledge or exercised all due diligence to prevent the offence; separate liability arises where the offence occurred with the consent, connivance, or neglect of officers, companies are punishable by fine while individuals may face full penal consequences, and definitions explicitly include firms and associations of persons.
    Act RulesBills
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    Reasonable cause defence limits criminal liability for certain tax compliance failures, protecting bona fide taxpayers from prosecution.
    Clause 486 creates a non obstante statutory reasonable cause defence prohibiting punishment for failures under the specified sections of the Income Tax Bill, 2025 when the accused proves reasonable cause. The provision places the burden of proof on the accused, preserves judicial fact specific assessment of reasonable cause, and operates to limit prosecutions for bona fide or uncontrollable lapses while directing enforcement attention to willful or egregious defaults.
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    Enhanced penalties for repeat tax offences impose mandatory imprisonment and fine upon subsequent convictions under specified tax provisions.
    A prior judicial conviction under any specified income tax offence triggers enhanced punishment: a person again convicted under any of those listed offences is subject to mandatory rigorous imprisonment and a mandatory fine, regardless of whether the subsequent conviction is for the same or a different listed offence; judicial discretion governs the precise sentence within the prescribed range, and the provision applies only after a prior conviction, not mere charge or prosecution.
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    Abetment of false returns: broadened criminal exposure for facilitators with mandatory imprisonment and fines for culpable conduct.
    Clause 484 criminalises abetment or inducement in making or delivering false tax-related statements, requiring that the abettor know the falsity or not believe the statement to be true. Punishment is tiered by the quantum sought to be evaded, with mandatory minimum imprisonment terms and fines, while procedural details and definitions such as "induce" are not specified, raising interpretive and evidentiary challenges. The clause mirrors prior law's structure but broad wording could implicate advisors and intermediaries absent judicial or legislative clarification.
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    Falsification of accounting records: criminal liability for wilful false entries intended to enable another person to evade tax.
    Clause 483 makes it an offence to wilfully make or cause false entries in books of account or other documents with intent to enable another person to evade tax, interest, or penalty; it requires proof of wilful conduct and intent but not proof that the beneficiary actually evaded liability, covers physical and electronic records relevant to tax proceedings, and prescribes rigorous imprisonment and a fine.
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    False verification offences: criminal liability requires proved knowledge or recklessness, with graded imprisonment and mandatory fines.
    The provision criminalises making false statements in any statutory verification or delivering false accounts where the person knows or believes the statement to be false or does not believe it to be true. Prosecution must prove this mental element beyond reasonable doubt. A graded penalty applies according to the financial impact of the falsity: substantial evasion attracts a higher term of rigorous imprisonment while other cases attract a lower term, and a fine is mandatorily imposed in addition to imprisonment.
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    Willful failure to produce accounts triggers criminal liability including imprisonment and mandatory fine under the new tax provision.
    Clause 481 establishes a penal offence for willful failure to produce accounts and documents called for by a notice under section 268(1), or willful non compliance with a direction under section 268(5), punishable by rigorous imprisonment for up to one year and liability to fine, with criminal prosecution requiring proof of willfulness beyond reasonable doubt and adherence to procedural safeguards; the clause mirrors prior law while leaving the fine quantum unspecified and raising interpretative issues regarding the threshold for willfulness and potential overlap with other provisions.
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    Wilful failure to furnish return in search cases creates criminal liability, exposing taxpayers to imprisonment and fines.
    Clause 480 penalises a person who, following a search and pursuant to a notice under section 294(1)(a), wilfully fails to furnish a return of income within the prescribed time. The provision requires proof of deliberate non compliance, treats the offence as criminal, and prescribes imprisonment along with a court levied fine, while prosecutions remain subject to ordinary criminal procedure and due process safeguards.
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    Willful failure to file returns attracts graded criminal penalties including imprisonment and fine; an extended cure period limits prosecutions.
    Clause 479 criminalizes the willful failure to furnish returns of income, applying to statutory filing obligations and notice-triggered duties, and establishes a graded criminal penalty regime tied to the tax that would have been evaded. It preserves a mens rea requirement, mandates imprisonment and fine across tiers, and provides exemptions including a one-year cure period to avoid prosecution and a de minimis exception for non-corporate taxpayers, while raising interpretative issues on the definition of wilfulness and calculation of evaded tax.
    Act RulesBills
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    Wilful tax evasion criminalisation: updated offence framework tightens penalties and preserves additional monetary sanctions for deliberate under-reporting.
    Clause 478 establishes an offence of wilful attempt to evade tax, penalty, or interest, including under-reporting, distinguishing evasion of liability from evasion of payment. It prescribes graded sentences with discretionary fines and makes offenders liable to any other penalties under the Act. The provision's inclusive definition-false entries, false statements, wilful omissions, and other enabling circumstances-broadens prosecutorial scope while retaining the requirement to prove mens rea and preserving procedural safeguards for prosecution.
    Act RulesBills
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    Failure to remit tax collected at source: criminal liability retained with a filing linked safe harbour to encourage timely compliance.
    Clause 477 criminalizes failure to remit tax collected at source, adopting a strict liability approach that imposes custodial sentence and fine while offering a statutory safe harbour where TCS is deposited on or before the time prescribed for filing the TCS statement, thereby aligning penal consequences and procedural exemption with the existing framework.
    Act RulesBills
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    Criminal liability for failure to remit TDS expands enforcement and broadens managerial responsibility, with strict penalties.
    Clause 476 criminalizes failure to deposit taxes deducted or collected at source under Chapter XIX-B, extending liability to those who "pay or ensure payment" and prescribing rigorous imprisonment and fine. A proviso bars prosecution if the tax is credited to the Central Government on or before the time prescribed for filing the relevant TDS statement, while cross references to notes and tables expand the catalogue of covered transactions and may complicate interpretation.
    Act RulesBills
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    Fraudulent asset dissipation criminalized: intent-based offence bars transfers aimed at defeating prescribed tax recovery proceedings.
    Clause 475 penalizes the fraudulent removal, concealment, transfer, or delivery of any property or interest with the intent to prevent it from being taken in execution of a prescribed recovery certificate, requiring proof of deceitful intent and applying to tangible and intangible interests; it retains the punitive framework of rigorous imprisonment and fine while replacing an explicit Second Schedule reference with a flexible "as prescribed" linkage to recovery procedures.
    Act RulesBills
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    Failure to provide inspection facilities criminalises obstruction during tax inspections, attracting imprisonment and fine under the new bill.
    Clause 474 of the Income Tax Bill, 2025, makes it an offence to fail to afford an authorised officer the necessary facility to inspect books of account or other documents under section 247(1)(b)(ii), punishable with rigorous imprisonment for up to two years and a fine. The clause largely mirrors Section 275B of the 1961 Act, raises interpretive issues about the definition of "necessary facility" and mens rea, and creates potential overlaps with other penal provisions, while preserving continuity in enforcement policy.
    Act RulesBills
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    Contravention of tax authority orders may attract imprisonment and fine under the new income tax framework.
    Clause 473 establishes an offence for contravening orders under section 247(1)(viii) or (4), penalising such contraventions with rigorous imprisonment up to the statutory maximum and a fine. The clause focuses on breaches concerning custody, retention, or handling of assets or records during investigative processes. It does not specify mens rea or procedural attributes such as cognizability or bailability, so application and defences will be shaped by judicial interpretation and the Bill's broader procedural framework.
    Act RulesBills
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    Limitation period for tax penalties: quarter based uniform timeline aligns penalty orders with assessment and appellate outcomes.
    Clause 472 standardises the limitation for imposing tax penalties by prescribing a uniform six month period measured from the end of the quarter tied to the completion of proceedings, appellate or revisional orders, or issuance of a penalty notice; it permits revision of penalty orders to reflect subsequent assessment modifications, mandates a reasonable opportunity to be heard before adverse penalty action, and excludes rehearing and judicial stay periods from limitation computation.
    Act RulesBills
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    Natural justice in tax penalties: hearing rights and hierarchical approval govern imposition and administrative oversight under new bill.
    Clause 471 requires that no penalty be imposed without the assessee being heard or given a reasonable opportunity, mandates prior Joint Commissioner approval for penalties exceeding specified officer thresholds, and requires that penalty orders passed by authorities other than the Assessing Officer be sent to the Assessing Officer. It mirrors core safeguards of the existing law but omits scheme enabling provisions for faceless, technology driven procedures and transitional rules, creating potential uncertainties over thresholds, definition of reasonable opportunity, procedural delays, and modernization.

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      AMENDMENTS IN THE CGST ACT, 2017

      2 February, 2022

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      Goods and Service Tax

      Note: (a) CGST Act means Central Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017

      (b) IGST Act means Integrated Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017

      (c) UTGST Act means Union Territory Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017

      Amendments carried out in the Finance Bill, 2022, vide clause 99 to 113 will come into effect from a date to be notified, as far as possible, concurrently with the corresponding amendments to the similar Acts passed by the States & Union territories with legislature. Amendments carried out in the Finance Bill, 2022, vide clause 114 to 123 will come into effect on the date of its enactment.

      I. AMENDMENTS IN THE CGST ACT, 2017:

      S.No.

      Amendment

      Clause of the Finance Bill, 2022

      1.

      A new clause (ba) to sub-section (2) of section 16 of the CGST Act is being inserted to provide that input tax credit with respect to a supply can be availed only if such credit has not been restricted in the details communicated to the taxpayer under section 38.

      Further, sub-section (4) of section 16 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to provide for an extended time for availment of input tax credit by a registered person in respect of any invoice or debit note pertaining to a financial year upto thirtieth day of November of the following financial year.

      [99]

      2.

      Clause (b) and (c) of sub-section (2) of section 29 of the CGST Act are being amended so as to provide that the registration of a person is liable for cancellation, where -

      (i) a person paying tax under section 10 has not furnished the return for a financial year beyond three months from the due date of furnishing of the said return;

      (ii) a person, other than those paying tax under section 10, has not furnished returns for such continuous tax period as may be prescribed.

      [100]

      3.

      Sub-section (2) of section 34 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to provide for an extended time for issuance of credit notes in respect of any supply made in a financial year upto thirtieth day of November of the following financial year.

      [101]

      4.

      Section 37 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to:

      (i) provide for prescribing conditions and restrictions for furnishing the details of outward supply and for communication of the details of such outward supplies to concerned recipients;

      (ii) do away with two-way communication process in return filing;

      (iii) provide for an extended time upto thirtieth day of November of the following financial year for rectification of errors in respect of details of outward supplies furnished under sub-section (1);

      (iv) provide for tax period-wise sequential filing of details of outward supplies under sub-section (1).

       

      [102]

      5.

      Section 38 of the CGST Act is being substituted for prescribing the manner as well as conditions and restrictions for communication of details of inward supplies and input tax credit to the recipient by means of an auto-generated statement and to do away with two-way communication process in return filing.

      [103]

      6.

      Section 39 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to:

      (i) provide that the non-resident taxable person shall furnish the return for a month by thirteenth day of the following month;

      (ii) provide an option to the persons furnishing return under proviso to sub-section (1), to pay either the self-assessed tax or an amount that may be prescribed;

      (iii) provide for an extended time upto thirtieth day of November of the following financial year, for rectification of errors in the return furnished under section 39;

      (iv) provide for furnishing of details of outward supplies of a tax period under sub-section (1) of section 37 as a condition for furnishing the return under section 39 for the said tax period.

      [104]

      7.

       Section 41 of the CGST Act is being substituted so as to do away with the concept of “claim” of eligible input tax credit on a “provisional” basis and to provide for availment of selfassessed input tax credit subject to such conditions and restrictions as may be prescribed.

      [105]

      8.

      Sections 42, 43 and 43A of the CGST Act are being omitted so as to do away with two-way communication process in return filing.

      [106]

      9.

      Section 47 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to provide for levy of late fee for delayed filing of return under section 52. Further, reference to section 38 is being removed consequent to the amendment in section 38 of the CGST Act.

      [107]

      10.

       Consequent to the amendment in section 38 of the CGST Act, sub-section (2) of section 48 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to remove reference to section 38 therefrom.

      [108]

      11.

      Section 49 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to:

      (i) provide for prescribing restrictions for utilizing the amount available in the electronic credit ledger;

      (ii) allow transfer of amount available in electronic cash ledger under the CGST Act of a registered person to the electronic cash ledger under the said Act or the IGST Act of a distinct person;

      (iii) provide for prescribing the maximum proportion of output tax liability which may be discharged through the electronic credit ledger.

      [109]

      12.

      Sub-section (3) of section 50 of the CGST Act is being substituted retrospectively, with effect from the 1st July, 2017, so as to provide for levy of interest on input tax credit wrongly availed and utilized.

      [110]

      13.

      Sub-section (6) of section 52 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to provide for an extended time upto thirtieth day of November of the following financial year for rectification of errors in the statement furnished under subsection (4).

      [111]

      14.

      Section 54 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to:

      (i) explicitly provide that refund claim of any balance in the electronic cash ledger shall be made in such form and manner as may be prescribed;

      (ii) provide the time limit for claiming refund of tax paid on inward supplies of goods or services or both under section 55 as two years from the last day of the quarter in which the said supply was received;

      (iii) extend the scope of withholding of or recovery from refunds in respect of all types of refund;

      (iv) provide clarity regarding the relevant date for filing refund claim in respect of supplies made to a Special Economic Zone developer or a Special Economic Zone unit by way of insertion of a new sub-clause (ba) in clause (2) of Explanation thereto.

      [112]

      15.

      Consequent to the amendment in section 38 of the CGST Act, sub-section (2) of section 168 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to remove reference to section 38 therefrom.

      [113]

      16.

      Notification No. 9/2018 – Central Tax, dated the 23rd January, 2018, is being amended so as to notify www.gst.gov.in, retrospectively, with effect from 22nd June, 2017, as the Common Goods and Services Tax Electronic Portal, for all functions provided under Central Goods and Services Tax  Rules, 2017, other than those provided for e-way bill and for generation of invoices under sub-rule (4) of rule 48 of the CGST Rules.

      [114]

      17.

      Notification No. 13/2017 – Central Tax, dated the 28th June, 2017, is being amended retrospectively, with effect from the 1st day of July, 2017, so as to notify rate of interest under subsection (3) of section 50 of the CGST Act as 18%.

      [115]

       

       


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      Budget 2022-23 + FINANCE Bill, 2022

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