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    Act RulesIncome Tax
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    Significant economic presence expands source taxation, bringing digital interactions and remote services within the domestic tax net.
    Section 9 sets an expansive source taxation rule deeming income to accrue or arise domestically where linked to domestic assets, a business connection (including agents), transfers of capital assets situated domestically, salary earned or payable for services linked to domestic performance, dividends of domestic companies, interest subject to exceptions (including separate taxation of interest of an Indian permanent establishment of a foreign bank), and royalty and technical fees; it introduces significant economic presence tests for digital/user-based connections and leaves key thresholds and valuation mechanics to subordinate rules.
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    Deemed transfer of distributed assets treated as taxable at entity level; fair market value sets consideration and guidelines now open-ended.
    Section 8 treats receipt by a partner or member of capital assets or stock-in-trade from a non-company specified entity on dissolution or reconstitution as a deemed transfer by the entity, with profits or gains taxed at the entity level and the full value of consideration deemed to be the fair market value on the date of receipt; the Board may issue guidelines with prior Central Government approval and parliamentary laying, and the enacted text removes the Bill's two-year sunset on that guideline-making power.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
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    Residence in India: income-linked deeming now captures high-income returning citizens visiting short-term, and POEM defines company residence.
    Section 6 prescribes residence tests combining day-count rules (182-day and 60/365 tests), categorical exceptions for ship crew and visiting citizens/PIOs, an income-linked modification that extends the shorter day-count threshold for higher-income returning citizens, a deeming rule capturing citizens not taxable elsewhere, company residence via Indian status or Place of Effective Management, and a deeming provision that applies residence across all income sources; As Passed drafting clarifies interplay between the visiting exception and income-based modification and contains minor typographical refinements.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
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    Scope of total income: residents taxed broadly with limited foreign income inclusion for not ordinarily resident persons.
    Section 5 sets the scope of total income by applying receipt and accrual tests: residents are taxed on income received or deemed received in India, income accruing or arising or deemed to accrue or arise in India, and foreign income only in limited cases for a person who is not ordinarily resident (foreign income included when derived from a business controlled in India or a profession set up in India). Non residents are taxed on income received or deemed received in India and income accruing or arising or deemed to accrue or arise in India. The section also prevents balance sheet inclusion from constituting receipt and bars double inclusion on accrual and receipt bases.
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    Charge of income-tax: linkage to central rates and application to total income, with withholding and advance payment obligations.
    Section 4 links the charge of income-tax to rates enacted by a Central Act, charges income-tax on the total income of the tax year of every person (while allowing charging for other specified periods), includes any additional income-tax by whatever name, and requires deduction/collection at source and advance payment for income chargeable under the section.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
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    Stamp duty value treated as a notional benchmark for tax valuations, overriding conflicting valuation laws for tax purposes.
    Section 2(105) defines stamp duty value as the value adopted, assessed or assessable by a Central or State authority for stamp duty on immovable property, where "assessable" is expressly a notional value the authority would have adopted if referred the matter, and that definition applies irrespective of anything to the contrary in any other law in force.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
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    Holding-period tiers determine capital gain classification with a shorter threshold for listed securities and specific fund units.
    Definition of short-term capital asset establishes a two-tier holding-period regime for capital gains classification, retaining a general holding-period test and a shorter test for listed securities, units of the Unit Trust of India, units of equity-oriented funds and zero-coupon bonds; detailed rules determine inclusion, exclusion and commencement of holding periods on liquidation, corporate reorganisations, conversions, allotments, renunciations, free allotments and GDR redemptions, with certain technical matters deferred to prescribed rules.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
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    Definition of company in which the public are substantially interested: drafting variance may create conjunctive interpretation risk affecting tax classification.
    Clause 2 supplies a comprehensive glossary for the Income-tax Act, 2025, defining terms such as company, capital asset, income and virtual digital asset, often with cross-references, provisos and delegated prescriptions; clause 2(29)'s categories for a company in which the public are substantially interested are materially consistent between Bill and Act, but the Bill's connector wording risked a conjunctive reading of alternative tests that the Act's later disjunctive phrasing rectifies, creating interpretive consequences for tax classification and related compliance.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
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    Definition of company clarified; temporal qualification in transitional limb may narrow which historic entities remain within tax scope.
    Section 2 supplies statutory definitions that determine tax coverage. The definition of company comprises Indian companies, foreign bodies corporate, entities assessable as companies under the repealed Act, and Board declared entities. The Bill adds a temporal qualification limiting entities assessed under the prior Act to particular assessment years; the Act text omits this qualification. Scattered drafting and cross reference differences exist. Operational consequences hinge on threshold facts (shareholding, listing, assessment history, population/distance tests) and on unstated transitional provisions.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
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    Capital asset definition updated to include IFSC-regulated funds and broaden unit-linked policies, affecting capital gains treatment.
    The Act retains an inclusive definition of capital asset with exceptions for stock-in-trade, specified personal effects and certain agricultural land, while refining the securities limb to expressly include securities held by FIIs and investment funds regulated under SEBI or IFSC regimes and removing a temporal issuance-date qualifier for unit-linked insurance policies, thereby broadening the category of policies treated as capital assets; numerous drafting and cross-reference clarifications aim to reduce interpretive uncertainty.
    Act RulesBills
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    Negative list of specified goods narrows eligibility for investment tax incentives and consolidates explanatory clarifications in law.
    SCHEDULE-XIII establishes a negative list of fifteen specified articles excluded from certain investment-linked tax incentives, consolidating explanatory clarifications into the main text and streamlining obsolete entries. Referenced to section 45(2)(c) and (d) of the Bill, the Schedule preserves policy continuity-excluding luxury, non-essential, and public-health-sensitive goods-while aiming to reduce interpretive ambiguity and improve legislative clarity. The drafting changes and omissions reflect a modernization and simplification of the earlier SCHEDULE 11, though some item inclusions and obsolete entries indicate a continuing need for periodic review and alignment with broader tax and policy frameworks.
    Act RulesBills
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    Mineral classification determines tax incentive eligibility for prospecting and extraction, preserving continuity but requiring clearer definitions.
    Statutory classification of minerals determines which mineral activities qualify for tax incentives under income tax law by listing specified minerals and associated groups; SCHEDULE XII (2025) reproduces SCHEDULE 07 (1961) verbatim in substance, enumerating 27 minerals and 16 associated groups as the determinative reference for eligibility of capital expenditure on prospecting, extraction and processing, while leaving interpretive issues (broad terms, technical thresholds, typographical inconsistencies) that may require periodic review and clearer definitions.
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    Recognised Provident Fund rules modernised, clarifying recognition conditions, tax treatment of contributions, portability, and trustee obligations.
    The Schedule modernises the framework governing Recognised Provident Funds, approved superannuation and gratuity funds by restating recognition and approval conditions (employment location, fixed contribution structure, irrevocable trust, permitted assets), procedures for recognition or withdrawal, trustee recordkeeping and appeals, and explicit tax rules: taxable employer contributions above prescribed rates and excess interest, deductibility of employee contributions, exclusion of accumulated balances only upon meeting service-duration or contingency conditions or permitted transfers, retroactive taxation where conditions fail, and mandatory tax deduction at source.
    Act RulesBills
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    Insurance business taxation: updated rules tie taxable profits to actuarial surplus and reorganized disallowance cross-references.
    Schedule-XIV requires separate computation of life insurance profits by annual averaging of actuarial surplus/deficit from the last inter-valuation period, with add-backs of inadmissible expenditures under the reorganized disallowance provisions; it updates crediting rules for tax paid during multi-year valuation periods, prescribes profit computation and specified add-backs and deductions for other insurance business (including treatment of investment gains/losses and reserves for unexpired risks), and provides a proportional premium-based deeming rule for non-resident insurers, while streamlining interpretative definitions.
    Act RulesBills
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    Removal of difficulties powers permit executive adaptation of tax law during statutory transition subject to safeguards and oversight.
    Clause 535 grants the Central Government power to issue orders to remove implementation difficulties in the Income Tax Bill, 2025, provided such orders are not inconsistent with the Act; it expressly permits adaptations of the prior law for assessments up to the tax year ending 31 March 2026, limits the power to three years from 1 April 2026, and requires that every order be laid before both Houses of Parliament.
    Act RulesBills
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    Repeal and savings provisions ensure continuity of tax rights, proceedings and carry forwards during statutory transition to the new code.
    Clause 536 formally repeals the Income tax Act, 1961 while preserving prior operations, rights, obligations, pending proceedings, recoveries and administrative instruments by saving elections, carry forward of losses and credits, conditional deduction rules, continuation of penal and search proceedings initiated before commencement, and by applying Section 6 of the General Clauses Act, thereby ensuring legal and administrative continuity during transition to the new tax code.
    Act RulesBills
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    Legislative oversight of delegated tax rules: parliamentary laying enables modification or annulment while preserving prior actions.
    Clause 534 mandates that specified subordinate tax instruments-rules under the Act, Appellate Tribunal procedural rules, and notifications under designated provisions including Chapter XIII G-be laid before each House of Parliament promptly for a cumulative thirty days. If both Houses agree within the following session to modify or annul an instrument, it will thereafter take effect only in the modified form or be of no effect, while a without prejudice clause preserves the validity of actions previously taken under that instrument.
    Act RulesBills
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    Rule-making powers: Board may frame subordinate tax rules under government control, with limits on prejudicial retrospective application.
    Clause 533 vests the Central Board of Direct Taxes with broad rule-making authority, subject to Central Government control, to frame subordinate legislation for carrying out the purposes of the Income Tax Act. It prescribes an illustrative list of subjects - including income ascertainment, depreciation, procedural matters, electronic filing and international taxation - empowers estimation methods where precise computation is impracticable, and restricts retrospective rules so as not to prejudice assessees unless expressly permitted, all while remaining subject to ultra vires review.
    Act RulesBills
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    Rescission of tax exemptions enables government withdrawal of legacy territorial tax benefits, raising procedural fairness and treaty questions.
    Clause 531 empowers the Central Government to rescind previously granted tax exemptions, rate reductions, or modifications for specified Union territories by general or special order. Focused solely on withdrawal, the provision applies to any assessee or class of assessees and to part or whole of income, is not time limited, and lacks statutory procedural safeguards, leaving only administrative law principles as constraints and raising questions about retrospectivity, legitimate expectations, and treaty-based concessions.
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    Interim tax charging provision ensures continuity, applying the more favourable provision to taxpayers pending enactment.
    Clause 530 provides that if, on the first day of a tax year, no Central Act has been enacted to charge income tax, the Act shall operate until such provision is made as if either the provision in force in the preceding tax year or the provision proposed in the Bill before Parliament were in force, whichever is more favourable to the assessee, thereby ensuring continuity of assessment and collection pending enactment.

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      AMENDMENTS IN THE CGST ACT, 2017

      2 February, 2022

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      Goods and Service Tax

      Note: (a) CGST Act means Central Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017

      (b) IGST Act means Integrated Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017

      (c) UTGST Act means Union Territory Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017

      Amendments carried out in the Finance Bill, 2022, vide clause 99 to 113 will come into effect from a date to be notified, as far as possible, concurrently with the corresponding amendments to the similar Acts passed by the States & Union territories with legislature. Amendments carried out in the Finance Bill, 2022, vide clause 114 to 123 will come into effect on the date of its enactment.

      I. AMENDMENTS IN THE CGST ACT, 2017:

      S.No.

      Amendment

      Clause of the Finance Bill, 2022

      1.

      A new clause (ba) to sub-section (2) of section 16 of the CGST Act is being inserted to provide that input tax credit with respect to a supply can be availed only if such credit has not been restricted in the details communicated to the taxpayer under section 38.

      Further, sub-section (4) of section 16 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to provide for an extended time for availment of input tax credit by a registered person in respect of any invoice or debit note pertaining to a financial year upto thirtieth day of November of the following financial year.

      [99]

      2.

      Clause (b) and (c) of sub-section (2) of section 29 of the CGST Act are being amended so as to provide that the registration of a person is liable for cancellation, where -

      (i) a person paying tax under section 10 has not furnished the return for a financial year beyond three months from the due date of furnishing of the said return;

      (ii) a person, other than those paying tax under section 10, has not furnished returns for such continuous tax period as may be prescribed.

      [100]

      3.

      Sub-section (2) of section 34 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to provide for an extended time for issuance of credit notes in respect of any supply made in a financial year upto thirtieth day of November of the following financial year.

      [101]

      4.

      Section 37 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to:

      (i) provide for prescribing conditions and restrictions for furnishing the details of outward supply and for communication of the details of such outward supplies to concerned recipients;

      (ii) do away with two-way communication process in return filing;

      (iii) provide for an extended time upto thirtieth day of November of the following financial year for rectification of errors in respect of details of outward supplies furnished under sub-section (1);

      (iv) provide for tax period-wise sequential filing of details of outward supplies under sub-section (1).

       

      [102]

      5.

      Section 38 of the CGST Act is being substituted for prescribing the manner as well as conditions and restrictions for communication of details of inward supplies and input tax credit to the recipient by means of an auto-generated statement and to do away with two-way communication process in return filing.

      [103]

      6.

      Section 39 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to:

      (i) provide that the non-resident taxable person shall furnish the return for a month by thirteenth day of the following month;

      (ii) provide an option to the persons furnishing return under proviso to sub-section (1), to pay either the self-assessed tax or an amount that may be prescribed;

      (iii) provide for an extended time upto thirtieth day of November of the following financial year, for rectification of errors in the return furnished under section 39;

      (iv) provide for furnishing of details of outward supplies of a tax period under sub-section (1) of section 37 as a condition for furnishing the return under section 39 for the said tax period.

      [104]

      7.

       Section 41 of the CGST Act is being substituted so as to do away with the concept of “claim” of eligible input tax credit on a “provisional” basis and to provide for availment of selfassessed input tax credit subject to such conditions and restrictions as may be prescribed.

      [105]

      8.

      Sections 42, 43 and 43A of the CGST Act are being omitted so as to do away with two-way communication process in return filing.

      [106]

      9.

      Section 47 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to provide for levy of late fee for delayed filing of return under section 52. Further, reference to section 38 is being removed consequent to the amendment in section 38 of the CGST Act.

      [107]

      10.

       Consequent to the amendment in section 38 of the CGST Act, sub-section (2) of section 48 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to remove reference to section 38 therefrom.

      [108]

      11.

      Section 49 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to:

      (i) provide for prescribing restrictions for utilizing the amount available in the electronic credit ledger;

      (ii) allow transfer of amount available in electronic cash ledger under the CGST Act of a registered person to the electronic cash ledger under the said Act or the IGST Act of a distinct person;

      (iii) provide for prescribing the maximum proportion of output tax liability which may be discharged through the electronic credit ledger.

      [109]

      12.

      Sub-section (3) of section 50 of the CGST Act is being substituted retrospectively, with effect from the 1st July, 2017, so as to provide for levy of interest on input tax credit wrongly availed and utilized.

      [110]

      13.

      Sub-section (6) of section 52 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to provide for an extended time upto thirtieth day of November of the following financial year for rectification of errors in the statement furnished under subsection (4).

      [111]

      14.

      Section 54 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to:

      (i) explicitly provide that refund claim of any balance in the electronic cash ledger shall be made in such form and manner as may be prescribed;

      (ii) provide the time limit for claiming refund of tax paid on inward supplies of goods or services or both under section 55 as two years from the last day of the quarter in which the said supply was received;

      (iii) extend the scope of withholding of or recovery from refunds in respect of all types of refund;

      (iv) provide clarity regarding the relevant date for filing refund claim in respect of supplies made to a Special Economic Zone developer or a Special Economic Zone unit by way of insertion of a new sub-clause (ba) in clause (2) of Explanation thereto.

      [112]

      15.

      Consequent to the amendment in section 38 of the CGST Act, sub-section (2) of section 168 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to remove reference to section 38 therefrom.

      [113]

      16.

      Notification No. 9/2018 – Central Tax, dated the 23rd January, 2018, is being amended so as to notify www.gst.gov.in, retrospectively, with effect from 22nd June, 2017, as the Common Goods and Services Tax Electronic Portal, for all functions provided under Central Goods and Services Tax  Rules, 2017, other than those provided for e-way bill and for generation of invoices under sub-rule (4) of rule 48 of the CGST Rules.

      [114]

      17.

      Notification No. 13/2017 – Central Tax, dated the 28th June, 2017, is being amended retrospectively, with effect from the 1st day of July, 2017, so as to notify rate of interest under subsection (3) of section 50 of the CGST Act as 18%.

      [115]

       

       


      Full Text:

      Budget 2022-23 + FINANCE Bill, 2022

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