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    Act RulesIncome Tax
    Comparison of section 443 "Penalty in respect of certain income." between the Income-Tax Act, 2025 (...
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    Act RulesIncome Tax
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    Penalty on undisclosed income: fixed levy on withholding-tax liability, with exemption for timely disclosure and payment.
    A discretionary penalty applies where assessed income includes categories of unexplained or undisclosed receipts imported by reference to existing provisions; it is levied as a percentage of the tax payable under the withholding-tax provision, is additional to that tax, is not imposed if the income was included in the return and the withholding tax paid within the relevant year, and cannot be duplicated by another penalty for the same income. The enacted text omits an explicit cross-application of existing procedural penalty machinery, creating procedural uncertainty.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
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    Penalty for under-reporting: statutory regime imposing enhanced sanctions for deliberate misreporting and rules for computing tax on additions.
    Clause 439 creates a penalty regime for under reporting and aggravated misreporting during tax proceedings by defining deemed under reporting events, prescribing formulae to compute under reported income (including interactions with deemed total income rules), allocating additions across years to prevent double counting, listing exceptions where penalties will not apply, enumerating aggravating misreporting acts that attract higher sanctions, and requiring that penalty be imposed by written order of the Competent Authority.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
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    Set-off of tax refunds: authorities may offset or temporarily withhold refunds subject to written intimation and procedural safeguards.
    Section 438 authorises the Assessing Officer and senior Commissioners to set off refunds due against outstanding tax liabilities and to withhold refunds where assessment or reassessment proceedings are pending. Set off must follow written intimation to the taxpayer. Withholding a refund while proceedings are pending is limited in time and requires reasons recorded in writing plus prior approval of the Principal Commissioner or Commissioner.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
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    Interest on refunds: entitlement to monthly simple interest and additional annual interest where orders trigger refunds.
    Interest on refunds is payable as simple interest at a monthly rate from specified starting dates determined by refund source (tax collected at source/advance tax/treatment as paid; tax paid under specified provisions; excess payments under demand notices), with an additional annual interest where refunds follow certain appellate or rectification orders. Periods attributable to the assessee/deductor are excluded; immaterial refunds below a threshold do not attract interest for defined categories; interest is adjusted if subsequent orders change the underlying amount and assessing officers may demand excess interest.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
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    Two-tier fee for late tax return filing: fixed higher fee for higher-income filers and capped fee for others.
    A statutory two tier fee applies where a person required to furnish a return within the prescribed time fails to do so. Both enacted and bill texts impose a fixed higher fee for taxpayers above the income threshold and a lower fee capped for taxpayers at or below that threshold. The enacted drafting places the capped lower fee first, preserving discretion up to the cap for lower income filers; both texts operate without prejudice to other provisions of the Act and cross reference the filing time provision. Procedural and enforcement details are not stated.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
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    Daily fee for delayed tax statements requires prepayment before filing and is capped at the tax collectible amount.
    A mandatory daily fee applies where a person fails to deliver a prescribed statement of tax deducted or collected at source within the time prescribed in a cross referenced subsection; the fee accrues each day until compliance, is capped so it does not exceed the amount of tax deductible or collectible for the period, and must be paid before delivering the delayed statement, without prejudice to other liabilities under the Act.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
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    Advance tax interest rules require instalment-specific payments; shortfalls attract staged interest and safe harbour thresholds for compliance relief.
    Section 425 imposes interest where advance tax instalments fall short of prescribed percentages by due dates, tying liability to tax due on the returned income. It prescribes staged instalment percentages and graduated interest on interim versus final shortfalls, provides two early safe harbour minima that eliminate interest if met, treats certain classes (profits declared under specified entries) with a distinct simple interest rule for the final instalment, and exempts shortfalls from interest for specified late arising incomes if taxed by later instalments or by 31 March.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
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    Interest for defaults in payment of advance tax triggers monthly simple interest where advance payments fall short of assessed tax.
    The provision charges simple interest where a taxpayer fails to pay advance tax or pays less than the safe harbour proportion of assessed tax, starting from 1 April following the tax year until determination of total income or completion of regular assessment. Interest is computed on assessed tax or the shortfall, with the assessed tax base reduced by specified items such as tax deducted/collected at source, reliefs and eligible tax credits; reassessment or recomputation increases or reduces interest accordingly and payments already made reduce liability.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
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    Interest for defaults in furnishing return may accrue from differing start dates, altering the interest period and liabilities.
    Section 423 charges simple interest for defaults in furnishing returns by applying a formula based on a tax base "A" and a period "T", with a Table linking specific filing or non-filing scenarios to starting and ending events for the interest period, reductions of the tax base by a prescribed definition of "tax paid", and provisions for adjustment (notice of demand or refund) where post-assessment orders change the tax on which interest is calculated.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
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    Stay of recovery: mandatory pause during granted payment time and while appeal-linked reductions remain pending.
    Section 415 requires the Tax Recovery Officer to grant time for payment and stay recovery during that period, and to stay recovery of any portion of a certificate corresponding to a reduced demand while related proceedings remain pending; where the order giving rise to the demand is modified and becomes final, the Officer must amend or cancel the certificate. The Act's enacted text links reductions specifically to modification of the order giving rise to the demand, narrowing the Bill's broader phrasing.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
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    Payment deadline for tax demands triggers monthly interest and potential acceleration on instalment default, while relief may be available.
    Clause 411 makes amounts in a notice of demand payable ordinarily within thirty days of service, permits the AO with Joint Commissioner approval to shorten that period, and charges simple monthly interest from the day after the due date until payment. The AO may extend time or allow instalments on timely application, but any instalment default accelerates the whole outstanding amount. Commissioners may reduce or waive interest for genuine hardship or circumstances beyond control, subject to cooperation and procedural safeguards. Where foreign law prevents remittance, the non remittable portion must not be treated as in default.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
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    Advance tax obligation: taxpayers must self estimate income and pay instalments, with permitted adjustments to remaining payments.
    Every person liable to pay advance tax must remit instalments based on the assessee's own estimate of current income (the specified sum) and the tax thereon, calculated by the prescribed method and paid at prescribed instalment percentages and due dates; taxpayers may increase or reduce amounts in remaining instalments to reflect revised estimates, and the clause itself defines specified sum but is silent on exceptions, enforcement, interest, penalties and procedural recordkeeping.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
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    Withholding definitions expanded to include both incorrect deduction and collection rates, increasing administrative scrutiny of statements.
    Section 402 provides the definitional framework for deduction and collection at source, specifying who is a person responsible for paying, buyer, seller and other categories, and defining transactional terms including rent, immovable property and digital-economy roles. The Act expands the concept of an "incorrect claim apparent from any information in the statement" to cover both incorrect rates of deduction and incorrect rates of collection, thereby enabling identification of filing errors from statements alone. Turnover thresholds and carve-outs determine when withholding obligations arise; several definitions rely on cross-references to external provisions.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
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    Deemed assessee in default for non-deduction or non-collection of tax exposes deductors/collectors to interest and asset charge.
    Failure to deduct, collect, or pay tax causes the person required to do so to be deemed an assessee in default, liable for interest on delayed deduction/collection and on delayed payment, and, where tax has been deducted or collected but not paid, the tax and interest form a statutory charge on all assets; a safe harbour exists if the recipient has filed a return, included the amount and paid tax and the deductor/collector produces the prescribed accountant's certificate, while penalty can be imposed only if the assessing officer is satisfied there were no good and sufficient reasons for the failure.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
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    TAN/PAN compliance tightens reporting and mandates higher withholding where PAN is not furnished, while shortening correction windows.
    Clause 397 mandates TAN application and mandatory TAN quoting by deductors/collectors, requires payees/payers to furnish a PAN (with enacted text adding a "valid" PAN requirement), prescribes higher withholding/collection rates where PAN is not furnished subject to enumerated exceptions, requires timely deposit of deducted/collected tax and filing of prescribed statements, provides a correction statement mechanism with a time limit, sets special reporting duties for payments to non residents and small interest payments by banks/co operatives/public companies, and preserves collector liability for unpaid but collectible tax.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
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    Certificates for lower tax withholding enable AO-issued rates or nil deduction and proportionate nonresident withholding relief.
    Clause creates an AO-issued certificate system permitting payees, buyers/licensees/lessees and payers to obtain prescribed-form certificates altering the rate (or, under the Act, rate or nil deduction) at which tax is deducted or collected; for non-salary payments to non-residents the payer may seek a proportionate determination of the taxable part; deductors/collectors must issue prescribed documentary certificates to deductees/collectees and the AO may cancel certificates after affording a reasonable opportunity, with detailed forms, validity and procedures left to rules.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
    Show AI Summary
    Collection of tax at source: TCS on specified receipts with exemptions, non cumulation and documentation duties.
    Clause 394 prescribes TCS on nine specified receipt types with collectors (sellers, authorised dealers, licensors/lessors) required to collect at prescribed rates at the earlier of debiting the buyer's account or receipt. Indian resident buyers may avoid collection by furnishing a prescribed declaration of end use; the enacted law imposes a delivery timeline for that declaration and adds an exemption for certain education loan funded remittances. The provision includes non cumulation rules to prevent duplicate collection and leaves procedural specifics to subordinate rules.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
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    Tax withholding obligations expanded to cover e-commerce and virtual asset transfers, with precedence rules to prevent multiple deductions.
    Section 393 prescribes a comprehensive TDS matrix covering payments to residents, non-residents and any person, listing payment categories, the person liable to deduct, rates or rates-in-force and monetary thresholds. Deduction is required at credit or payment, whichever is earlier, with specific precedence rules (notably for e-commerce) to prevent multiple deductions. The section contains carve-outs and nil-deduction declaration mechanisms subject to conditions and reporting; operational guidance emphasises mapping payments to entries, retaining declarations and ensuring tax on mixed cash and in-kind transactions before release.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
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    Deduction of tax at source on salaries: payer obligation to withhold at average rate and trustees to withhold on accumulations.
    Section 392 places primary TDS obligation on payers of salary to deduct tax at the time of payment at the average rate on estimated annual income; employers may opt to pay tax on non monetary perquisites. Trustees of recognised provident and superannuation funds must deduct tax where Schedule XI applies, with a specified 10% withholding rule for certain employees' provident fund accumulations. The enacted text tightens prescribed form and verification requirements, alters a cross reference to section 17, and expressly permits eligible start ups to "deduct or pay, as the case may be."
    Act RulesIncome Tax
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    Withholding tax and advance payments operate independently of assessment, securing provisional tax credits and rule making authority.
    Deduction or collection at source, advance payment, and specified payments under section 392(2)(a) operate independently of later assessment and are additional to other recovery measures; amounts remitted to the Central Government are treated as tax paid on behalf of the person from whose income tax was deducted, from whom tax was collected, or in respect of whose income tax was paid, and the Board may make rules for crediting such amounts and for attributing the tax year for credit.

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      AMENDMENTS IN THE CGST ACT, 2017

      2 February, 2022

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      Goods and Service Tax

      Note: (a) CGST Act means Central Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017

      (b) IGST Act means Integrated Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017

      (c) UTGST Act means Union Territory Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017

      Amendments carried out in the Finance Bill, 2022, vide clause 99 to 113 will come into effect from a date to be notified, as far as possible, concurrently with the corresponding amendments to the similar Acts passed by the States & Union territories with legislature. Amendments carried out in the Finance Bill, 2022, vide clause 114 to 123 will come into effect on the date of its enactment.

      I. AMENDMENTS IN THE CGST ACT, 2017:

      S.No.

      Amendment

      Clause of the Finance Bill, 2022

      1.

      A new clause (ba) to sub-section (2) of section 16 of the CGST Act is being inserted to provide that input tax credit with respect to a supply can be availed only if such credit has not been restricted in the details communicated to the taxpayer under section 38.

      Further, sub-section (4) of section 16 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to provide for an extended time for availment of input tax credit by a registered person in respect of any invoice or debit note pertaining to a financial year upto thirtieth day of November of the following financial year.

      [99]

      2.

      Clause (b) and (c) of sub-section (2) of section 29 of the CGST Act are being amended so as to provide that the registration of a person is liable for cancellation, where -

      (i) a person paying tax under section 10 has not furnished the return for a financial year beyond three months from the due date of furnishing of the said return;

      (ii) a person, other than those paying tax under section 10, has not furnished returns for such continuous tax period as may be prescribed.

      [100]

      3.

      Sub-section (2) of section 34 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to provide for an extended time for issuance of credit notes in respect of any supply made in a financial year upto thirtieth day of November of the following financial year.

      [101]

      4.

      Section 37 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to:

      (i) provide for prescribing conditions and restrictions for furnishing the details of outward supply and for communication of the details of such outward supplies to concerned recipients;

      (ii) do away with two-way communication process in return filing;

      (iii) provide for an extended time upto thirtieth day of November of the following financial year for rectification of errors in respect of details of outward supplies furnished under sub-section (1);

      (iv) provide for tax period-wise sequential filing of details of outward supplies under sub-section (1).

       

      [102]

      5.

      Section 38 of the CGST Act is being substituted for prescribing the manner as well as conditions and restrictions for communication of details of inward supplies and input tax credit to the recipient by means of an auto-generated statement and to do away with two-way communication process in return filing.

      [103]

      6.

      Section 39 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to:

      (i) provide that the non-resident taxable person shall furnish the return for a month by thirteenth day of the following month;

      (ii) provide an option to the persons furnishing return under proviso to sub-section (1), to pay either the self-assessed tax or an amount that may be prescribed;

      (iii) provide for an extended time upto thirtieth day of November of the following financial year, for rectification of errors in the return furnished under section 39;

      (iv) provide for furnishing of details of outward supplies of a tax period under sub-section (1) of section 37 as a condition for furnishing the return under section 39 for the said tax period.

      [104]

      7.

       Section 41 of the CGST Act is being substituted so as to do away with the concept of “claim” of eligible input tax credit on a “provisional” basis and to provide for availment of selfassessed input tax credit subject to such conditions and restrictions as may be prescribed.

      [105]

      8.

      Sections 42, 43 and 43A of the CGST Act are being omitted so as to do away with two-way communication process in return filing.

      [106]

      9.

      Section 47 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to provide for levy of late fee for delayed filing of return under section 52. Further, reference to section 38 is being removed consequent to the amendment in section 38 of the CGST Act.

      [107]

      10.

       Consequent to the amendment in section 38 of the CGST Act, sub-section (2) of section 48 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to remove reference to section 38 therefrom.

      [108]

      11.

      Section 49 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to:

      (i) provide for prescribing restrictions for utilizing the amount available in the electronic credit ledger;

      (ii) allow transfer of amount available in electronic cash ledger under the CGST Act of a registered person to the electronic cash ledger under the said Act or the IGST Act of a distinct person;

      (iii) provide for prescribing the maximum proportion of output tax liability which may be discharged through the electronic credit ledger.

      [109]

      12.

      Sub-section (3) of section 50 of the CGST Act is being substituted retrospectively, with effect from the 1st July, 2017, so as to provide for levy of interest on input tax credit wrongly availed and utilized.

      [110]

      13.

      Sub-section (6) of section 52 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to provide for an extended time upto thirtieth day of November of the following financial year for rectification of errors in the statement furnished under subsection (4).

      [111]

      14.

      Section 54 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to:

      (i) explicitly provide that refund claim of any balance in the electronic cash ledger shall be made in such form and manner as may be prescribed;

      (ii) provide the time limit for claiming refund of tax paid on inward supplies of goods or services or both under section 55 as two years from the last day of the quarter in which the said supply was received;

      (iii) extend the scope of withholding of or recovery from refunds in respect of all types of refund;

      (iv) provide clarity regarding the relevant date for filing refund claim in respect of supplies made to a Special Economic Zone developer or a Special Economic Zone unit by way of insertion of a new sub-clause (ba) in clause (2) of Explanation thereto.

      [112]

      15.

      Consequent to the amendment in section 38 of the CGST Act, sub-section (2) of section 168 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to remove reference to section 38 therefrom.

      [113]

      16.

      Notification No. 9/2018 – Central Tax, dated the 23rd January, 2018, is being amended so as to notify www.gst.gov.in, retrospectively, with effect from 22nd June, 2017, as the Common Goods and Services Tax Electronic Portal, for all functions provided under Central Goods and Services Tax  Rules, 2017, other than those provided for e-way bill and for generation of invoices under sub-rule (4) of rule 48 of the CGST Rules.

      [114]

      17.

      Notification No. 13/2017 – Central Tax, dated the 28th June, 2017, is being amended retrospectively, with effect from the 1st day of July, 2017, so as to notify rate of interest under subsection (3) of section 50 of the CGST Act as 18%.

      [115]

       

       


      Full Text:

      Budget 2022-23 + FINANCE Bill, 2022

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      ActsIncome Tax