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Taxation of GDR income: concessional treatment for ESOP dividends and capital gains with notification based eligibility.
Clause 193 of the Income Tax Bill, 2025 continues the concessional tax regime for dividends and long term capital gains on Global Depository Receipts acquired in foreign currency by resident employees under government notified ESOPs, limits deductions where gross total income consists solely of such GDR income, updates statutory cross references and definitions to current corporate law and IFSCs, and excludes certain computation benefits for GDR capital gains while preserving the notification requirement to restrict eligibility to approved schemes.
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Clause 209 creates a concessional tax regime for non resident income from specified bonds and GDRs purchased in foreign currency, requiring purchase through an approved intermediary for GDRs under government notified schemes; it prescribes specific tax rates for interest, dividends and long term capital gains, restricts deductions where specified income is sole income, ring fences capital gains by disallowing set off provisions for computation, exempts non residents from return filing when TDS is applied, and preserves treatment on amalgamation or demerger.
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Taxation of offshore fund income: concessional rates for unit income and segregated treatment to prevent double deductions.
Clause 208 establishes a special tax regime for overseas financial organisations investing in units purchased in foreign currency: concessional rates apply to income from such units and to long term capital gains, other income is taxed at normal rates with aggregation across heads, deductions are disallowed where gross total income consists solely of such concessional income while in mixed income cases concessional income must be segregated and deductions allowed only against the non concessional portion, and eligibility requires specified investment arrangements with prescribed Indian institutions plus SEBI approval with ''unit'' defined by cross reference to the schedule or UTI.
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Tax on provident fund accumulations: retrospective, year wise recalculation imposed when exemption conditions fail and tax withheld at payment.
Clause 191 charges tax on an accumulated balance of a recognised provident fund when schedule exemption conditions are unmet, directing the Assessing Officer to perform a retrospective, year wise calculation of the notional tax that would have applied had the fund not been recognised and to charge the excess over tax actually paid in the year of payment, with trustees required to withhold tax at source on the taxable portion.
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Tax rates for non residents clarified: consolidated withholding regime, gross basis taxation, and filing exemptions streamlined.
Clause 207 consolidates tax treatment of specified Indian source incomes of non residents and foreign companies by prescribing rates for dividends, interest, royalties and fees for technical services, preserving concessional rates for IFSC incomes and infrastructure debt funds, and treating residual income at normal rates. It mandates gross basis taxation by denying deductions under specified sections, excludes specified incomes from deduction computations under Chapter VIII (with an IFSC exception), streamlines approval requirements for royalties and FTS, and exempts non residents from return filing where such incomes alone are subject to prescribed withholding tax.
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Clause 192 taxes the total income of the block period as determined under section 294, replacing the narrower concept of "undisclosed income," and prescribes a flat 60% tax rate with applicable surcharge, thereby broadening the tax base for block assessments while aiming to simplify rate and surcharge determinations.
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Long-term capital gains taxation recalibrated to a higher concessional rate with STT linkage and IFSC carve-outs.
Clause 198 establishes a revised LTCG regime for transfers of equity shares, equity oriented fund units, and business trust units where STT conditions are met, prescribing a codified concessional tax on specified LTCG with an IFSC exemption for foreign currency trades; it preserves marginal relief for resident individuals and HUFs, restricts the order of applying deductions and rebates against LTCG, defines equity oriented fund investment thresholds and averaging rules, and grants government power to notify exceptions to STT requirements.
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Long term capital gains taxation reformed: uniform lower rate, limited indexation grandfathering, and exemption limit relief retained.
Clause 197 restructures long term capital gains taxation by imposing a uniform flat rate for most LTCG, removing indexation except for formulaic transitional relief for land and buildings acquired before the specified cut off, preserving basic exemption relief for resident individuals and HUFs by reducing LTCG by any shortfall in other income, excluding certain equity related instruments from its scope, and requiring deductions to be computed on gross total income excluding LTCG.
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Short-term capital gains tax regime tightened: higher flat rate for STT-eligible securities alters investor incentives and compliance obligations.
Clause 196 targets short term capital gains from equity shares, equity oriented fund units and business trust units that are chargeable to STT, imposing a flat tax on such gains while preserving normal taxation of remaining income. It limits concessional treatment to exchange based STT transactions, provides relief by reducing eligible STCG where other income falls below the basic exemption, excludes IFSC foreign currency transactions, and allows Chapter VIII deductions only after reducing gross total income by the specified STCG.
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Determination of tax where exempt income is included: deduction at the average tax rate neutralises tax on non chargeable income.
Clause 190 provides that where total income includes income on which no income-tax is payable, the assessee is entitled to a deduction from the tax chargeable equal to the tax computed at the average rate of income-tax on that non-taxable amount; the average rate is derived by dividing total tax by total income and applying that rate to the exempt portion to neutralise any tax attributable to non-chargeable income.
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General Anti Avoidance Rule expansion: new accommodating party concept widens GAAR reach and tightens tax planning scrutiny.
Clause 184 of the Income Tax Bill, 2025 largely carries forward Section 102's wide definitions for GAAR-covering arrangement, asset, benefit, connected person, fund, party, step, and tax benefit-while introducing an accommodating party concept to capture third party facilitators, updating cross references and terminology (e.g., "tax year"), and explicitly including permanent establishments and treaty arrangements to strengthen anti avoidance coverage.
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General Anti-Avoidance Rule expanded to permit concurrent or substitutive application, increasing substance-over-form scrutiny.
Clause 183 expands the statutory reach of the General Anti-Avoidance Rule (GAAR) by expressly permitting GAAR to apply "in addition to, or in lieu of" any other basis for determination of tax liability, while maintaining application "as per such guidelines and subject to such conditions, as prescribed." The clause enables authorities to apply a substance-over-form approach, allowing concurrent or exclusive use of GAAR alongside specific anti-avoidance or substantive provisions, and thereby alters the relationship between GAAR and SAARs previously left ambiguous under Section 101.
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General Anti Avoidance Rule: clause makes GAAR an overriding tool but conditions its use on prescribed procedural guidelines.
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General Anti-Avoidance Rule: Treat connected and accommodating parties as one, enabling look-through of corporate structures.
Clause 182 authorises treating connected persons as one, disregarding an accommodating party, treating an accommodating party and another party as the same person, and looking through corporate structures to determine whether a tax benefit exists, thereby enabling recharacterisation of arrangements that lack commercial substance and are designed to secure tax advantages.
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General Anti Avoidance Rule: broad authority to recharacterise and deny tax benefits where arrangements lack commercial substance.
Clause 181 empowers tax authorities to neutralise tax benefits from arrangements lacking commercial substance by denying benefits (including treaty benefits) and imposing a range of consequences: disregarding or recharacterising steps or whole arrangements; treating arrangements as not entered into; treating accommodating or connected parties as one; reallocating tax attributes; recharacterising residence or situs; and looking through corporate structures. Clause 181(3) authorises reclassification of equity/debt and capital/revenue character. Rule 10UA limits consequences to the impermissible part of an arrangement, providing proportionality.
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Commercial substance test: disregard arrangements whose economic effect differs from form, focusing on round-trips and artificial parties.
An arrangement may be disregarded for tax purposes if it lacks commercial substance, determined by whether the overall economic effect differs materially from its formal steps; key indicators include round-trip financing, an accommodating party, offsetting elements, disguised transactions, relocations made for tax benefit, and arrangements that do not materially affect business risks or cash flows independent of tax. Certain factors-duration, taxes paid, or an exit route-are not alone sufficient to establish substance, and the Bill omits a prior explicit definition of accommodating party, potentially creating interpretive uncertainty.
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GAAR main purpose test targets arrangements primarily motivated by tax benefit, with procedural safeguards for invocation.
Clause 179 defines an impermissible avoidance arrangement under GAAR as one whose main purpose is obtaining a tax benefit and which meets at least one of four tainting conditions: arm's length departure, misuse or abuse of law, lack of commercial substance, or non bona fide means; it creates a rebuttable presumption placing the burden on the taxpayer for impugned steps and is operationalized through Rule 10UB's pre reference notice, Commissioner review, and Approving Panel safeguards.
Act Rules Bills
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General Anti-Avoidance Rule: empowers authorities to disregard abusive arrangements and recharacterise tax consequences subject to safeguards.
Clause 178 codifies GAAR with an overriding non-obstante effect, enabling authorities to declare an arrangement an "impermissible avoidance arrangement" and determine tax consequences, applying to whole arrangements or any step or part, based on tests of commercial substance and main purpose, while procedural safeguards-notice, hearing, and an approving panel-are prescribed to temper broad remedial powers.
Act Rules Bills
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Interest deduction limitation restricts deductible interest to a fixed EBITDA ratio with carryforward relief and specified carve-outs.
Limitation on deductible interest in cross border related party financing restricts interest deductions where interest paid or payable by Indian entities to non resident associated enterprises is treated as excess interest, capped by a fixed ratio of the borrower's EBITDA and by interest payable to associated enterprises; disallowed amounts are carry forwardable subject to the same ratio, a deeming rule treats economically supported third party loans as associated enterprise debt, and specified carve outs apply to regulated financial entities and bona fide IFSC Finance Companies under operational rules.
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Transactions with non-cooperative jurisdictions: treated as international transactions, triggering transfer pricing scrutiny and denial of deductions.
Clause 176 creates a regime for transactions with persons in notified jurisdictional areas: government notification power; deeming parties as associated enterprises and transactions as international transactions for transfer pricing; disallowance of deductions absent prescribed authorisation and documentation; deeming unexplained receipts as assessable income; and mandatory higher withholding on payments to NJA persons, with broad definitions and anticipated procedural rules similar to Rule 21AC.

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AMENDMENTS IN THE CGST ACT, 2017

2 February, 2022

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Goods and Service Tax

Note: (a) CGST Act means Central Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017

(b) IGST Act means Integrated Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017

(c) UTGST Act means Union Territory Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017

Amendments carried out in the Finance Bill, 2022, vide clause 99 to 113 will come into effect from a date to be notified, as far as possible, concurrently with the corresponding amendments to the similar Acts passed by the States & Union territories with legislature. Amendments carried out in the Finance Bill, 2022, vide clause 114 to 123 will come into effect on the date of its enactment.

I. AMENDMENTS IN THE CGST ACT, 2017:

S.No.

Amendment

Clause of the Finance Bill, 2022

1.

A new clause (ba) to sub-section (2) of section 16 of the CGST Act is being inserted to provide that input tax credit with respect to a supply can be availed only if such credit has not been restricted in the details communicated to the taxpayer under section 38.

Further, sub-section (4) of section 16 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to provide for an extended time for availment of input tax credit by a registered person in respect of any invoice or debit note pertaining to a financial year upto thirtieth day of November of the following financial year.

[99]

2.

Clause (b) and (c) of sub-section (2) of section 29 of the CGST Act are being amended so as to provide that the registration of a person is liable for cancellation, where -

(i) a person paying tax under section 10 has not furnished the return for a financial year beyond three months from the due date of furnishing of the said return;

(ii) a person, other than those paying tax under section 10, has not furnished returns for such continuous tax period as may be prescribed.

[100]

3.

Sub-section (2) of section 34 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to provide for an extended time for issuance of credit notes in respect of any supply made in a financial year upto thirtieth day of November of the following financial year.

[101]

4.

Section 37 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to:

(i) provide for prescribing conditions and restrictions for furnishing the details of outward supply and for communication of the details of such outward supplies to concerned recipients;

(ii) do away with two-way communication process in return filing;

(iii) provide for an extended time upto thirtieth day of November of the following financial year for rectification of errors in respect of details of outward supplies furnished under sub-section (1);

(iv) provide for tax period-wise sequential filing of details of outward supplies under sub-section (1).

 

[102]

5.

Section 38 of the CGST Act is being substituted for prescribing the manner as well as conditions and restrictions for communication of details of inward supplies and input tax credit to the recipient by means of an auto-generated statement and to do away with two-way communication process in return filing.

[103]

6.

Section 39 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to:

(i) provide that the non-resident taxable person shall furnish the return for a month by thirteenth day of the following month;

(ii) provide an option to the persons furnishing return under proviso to sub-section (1), to pay either the self-assessed tax or an amount that may be prescribed;

(iii) provide for an extended time upto thirtieth day of November of the following financial year, for rectification of errors in the return furnished under section 39;

(iv) provide for furnishing of details of outward supplies of a tax period under sub-section (1) of section 37 as a condition for furnishing the return under section 39 for the said tax period.

[104]

7.

 Section 41 of the CGST Act is being substituted so as to do away with the concept of “claim” of eligible input tax credit on a “provisional” basis and to provide for availment of selfassessed input tax credit subject to such conditions and restrictions as may be prescribed.

[105]

8.

Sections 42, 43 and 43A of the CGST Act are being omitted so as to do away with two-way communication process in return filing.

[106]

9.

Section 47 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to provide for levy of late fee for delayed filing of return under section 52. Further, reference to section 38 is being removed consequent to the amendment in section 38 of the CGST Act.

[107]

10.

 Consequent to the amendment in section 38 of the CGST Act, sub-section (2) of section 48 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to remove reference to section 38 therefrom.

[108]

11.

Section 49 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to:

(i) provide for prescribing restrictions for utilizing the amount available in the electronic credit ledger;

(ii) allow transfer of amount available in electronic cash ledger under the CGST Act of a registered person to the electronic cash ledger under the said Act or the IGST Act of a distinct person;

(iii) provide for prescribing the maximum proportion of output tax liability which may be discharged through the electronic credit ledger.

[109]

12.

Sub-section (3) of section 50 of the CGST Act is being substituted retrospectively, with effect from the 1st July, 2017, so as to provide for levy of interest on input tax credit wrongly availed and utilized.

[110]

13.

Sub-section (6) of section 52 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to provide for an extended time upto thirtieth day of November of the following financial year for rectification of errors in the statement furnished under subsection (4).

[111]

14.

Section 54 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to:

(i) explicitly provide that refund claim of any balance in the electronic cash ledger shall be made in such form and manner as may be prescribed;

(ii) provide the time limit for claiming refund of tax paid on inward supplies of goods or services or both under section 55 as two years from the last day of the quarter in which the said supply was received;

(iii) extend the scope of withholding of or recovery from refunds in respect of all types of refund;

(iv) provide clarity regarding the relevant date for filing refund claim in respect of supplies made to a Special Economic Zone developer or a Special Economic Zone unit by way of insertion of a new sub-clause (ba) in clause (2) of Explanation thereto.

[112]

15.

Consequent to the amendment in section 38 of the CGST Act, sub-section (2) of section 168 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to remove reference to section 38 therefrom.

[113]

16.

Notification No. 9/2018 – Central Tax, dated the 23rd January, 2018, is being amended so as to notify www.gst.gov.in, retrospectively, with effect from 22nd June, 2017, as the Common Goods and Services Tax Electronic Portal, for all functions provided under Central Goods and Services Tax  Rules, 2017, other than those provided for e-way bill and for generation of invoices under sub-rule (4) of rule 48 of the CGST Rules.

[114]

17.

Notification No. 13/2017 – Central Tax, dated the 28th June, 2017, is being amended retrospectively, with effect from the 1st day of July, 2017, so as to notify rate of interest under subsection (3) of section 50 of the CGST Act as 18%.

[115]

 

 


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Budget 2022-23 + FINANCE Bill, 2022

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