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    Act RulesIncome Tax
    Comparison of section 443 "Penalty in respect of certain income." between the Income-Tax Act, 2025 (...
    Act RulesIncome Tax
    Comparison of section 439 "Penalty for under-reporting and misreporting of income." between the Inco...
    Act RulesIncome Tax
    Comparison of section 438 "Set off and withholding of refunds in certain cases." between the Income-...
    Act RulesIncome Tax
    Comparison of section 437 "Interest on refunds." between the Income-Tax Act, 2025 (as passed) and th...
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    Comparison of section 423 "Interest for defaults in furnishing return of income." between the Income...
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    Comparison of section 415 "Stay of proceedings in pursuance of certificate and amendment or cancella...
    Act RulesIncome Tax
    Comparison of section 411 "When tax payable and when assessee deemed in default." between the Income...
    Act RulesIncome Tax
    Comparison of section 406 "Payment of advance tax by assessee on his own accord." between the Income...
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    Comparison of section 402 "Interpretation." between the Income-Tax Act, 2025 (as passed) and the Inc...
    Act RulesIncome Tax
    Comparison of section 398 "Consequences of failure to deduct or pay or, collect or pay." between the...
    Act RulesIncome Tax
    Comparison of section 397 "Compliance and reporting." between the Income-Tax Act, 2025 (as passed) a...
    Act RulesIncome Tax
    Comparison of section 395 "Certificates." between the Income-Tax Act, 2025 (as passed) and the Incom...
    Act RulesIncome Tax
    Comparison of section 394 "Collection of tax at source." between the Income-Tax Act, 2025 (as passed...
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    Act RulesIncome Tax
    Comparison of section 443 "Penalty in respect of certain income." between the Income-Tax Act, 2025 (...
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    Penalty on undisclosed income: fixed levy on withholding-tax liability, with exemption for timely disclosure and payment.
    A discretionary penalty applies where assessed income includes categories of unexplained or undisclosed receipts imported by reference to existing provisions; it is levied as a percentage of the tax payable under the withholding-tax provision, is additional to that tax, is not imposed if the income was included in the return and the withholding tax paid within the relevant year, and cannot be duplicated by another penalty for the same income. The enacted text omits an explicit cross-application of existing procedural penalty machinery, creating procedural uncertainty.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
    Comparison of section 439 "Penalty for under-reporting and misreporting of income." between the Inco...
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    Penalty for under-reporting: statutory regime imposing enhanced sanctions for deliberate misreporting and rules for computing tax on additions.
    Clause 439 creates a penalty regime for under reporting and aggravated misreporting during tax proceedings by defining deemed under reporting events, prescribing formulae to compute under reported income (including interactions with deemed total income rules), allocating additions across years to prevent double counting, listing exceptions where penalties will not apply, enumerating aggravating misreporting acts that attract higher sanctions, and requiring that penalty be imposed by written order of the Competent Authority.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
    Comparison of section 438 "Set off and withholding of refunds in certain cases." between the Income-...
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    Set-off of tax refunds: authorities may offset or temporarily withhold refunds subject to written intimation and procedural safeguards.
    Section 438 authorises the Assessing Officer and senior Commissioners to set off refunds due against outstanding tax liabilities and to withhold refunds where assessment or reassessment proceedings are pending. Set off must follow written intimation to the taxpayer. Withholding a refund while proceedings are pending is limited in time and requires reasons recorded in writing plus prior approval of the Principal Commissioner or Commissioner.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
    Comparison of section 437 "Interest on refunds." between the Income-Tax Act, 2025 (as passed) and th...
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    Interest on refunds: entitlement to monthly simple interest and additional annual interest where orders trigger refunds.
    Interest on refunds is payable as simple interest at a monthly rate from specified starting dates determined by refund source (tax collected at source/advance tax/treatment as paid; tax paid under specified provisions; excess payments under demand notices), with an additional annual interest where refunds follow certain appellate or rectification orders. Periods attributable to the assessee/deductor are excluded; immaterial refunds below a threshold do not attract interest for defined categories; interest is adjusted if subsequent orders change the underlying amount and assessing officers may demand excess interest.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
    Comparison of section 428 "Fee for default in furnishing return of income." between the Income-Tax A...
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    Two-tier fee for late tax return filing: fixed higher fee for higher-income filers and capped fee for others.
    A statutory two tier fee applies where a person required to furnish a return within the prescribed time fails to do so. Both enacted and bill texts impose a fixed higher fee for taxpayers above the income threshold and a lower fee capped for taxpayers at or below that threshold. The enacted drafting places the capped lower fee first, preserving discretion up to the cap for lower income filers; both texts operate without prejudice to other provisions of the Act and cross reference the filing time provision. Procedural and enforcement details are not stated.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
    Comparison of section 427 "Fee for default in furnishing statements." between the Income-Tax Act, 20...
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    Daily fee for delayed tax statements requires prepayment before filing and is capped at the tax collectible amount.
    A mandatory daily fee applies where a person fails to deliver a prescribed statement of tax deducted or collected at source within the time prescribed in a cross referenced subsection; the fee accrues each day until compliance, is capped so it does not exceed the amount of tax deductible or collectible for the period, and must be paid before delivering the delayed statement, without prejudice to other liabilities under the Act.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
    Comparison of section 425 "Interest for deferment of advance tax." between the Income-Tax Act, 2025 ...
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    Advance tax interest rules require instalment-specific payments; shortfalls attract staged interest and safe harbour thresholds for compliance relief.
    Section 425 imposes interest where advance tax instalments fall short of prescribed percentages by due dates, tying liability to tax due on the returned income. It prescribes staged instalment percentages and graduated interest on interim versus final shortfalls, provides two early safe harbour minima that eliminate interest if met, treats certain classes (profits declared under specified entries) with a distinct simple interest rule for the final instalment, and exempts shortfalls from interest for specified late arising incomes if taxed by later instalments or by 31 March.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
    Comparison of section 424 "Interest for defaults in payment of advance tax." between the Income-Tax ...
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    Interest for defaults in payment of advance tax triggers monthly simple interest where advance payments fall short of assessed tax.
    The provision charges simple interest where a taxpayer fails to pay advance tax or pays less than the safe harbour proportion of assessed tax, starting from 1 April following the tax year until determination of total income or completion of regular assessment. Interest is computed on assessed tax or the shortfall, with the assessed tax base reduced by specified items such as tax deducted/collected at source, reliefs and eligible tax credits; reassessment or recomputation increases or reduces interest accordingly and payments already made reduce liability.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
    Comparison of section 423 "Interest for defaults in furnishing return of income." between the Income...
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    Interest for defaults in furnishing return may accrue from differing start dates, altering the interest period and liabilities.
    Section 423 charges simple interest for defaults in furnishing returns by applying a formula based on a tax base "A" and a period "T", with a Table linking specific filing or non-filing scenarios to starting and ending events for the interest period, reductions of the tax base by a prescribed definition of "tax paid", and provisions for adjustment (notice of demand or refund) where post-assessment orders change the tax on which interest is calculated.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
    Comparison of section 415 "Stay of proceedings in pursuance of certificate and amendment or cancella...
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    Stay of recovery: mandatory pause during granted payment time and while appeal-linked reductions remain pending.
    Section 415 requires the Tax Recovery Officer to grant time for payment and stay recovery during that period, and to stay recovery of any portion of a certificate corresponding to a reduced demand while related proceedings remain pending; where the order giving rise to the demand is modified and becomes final, the Officer must amend or cancel the certificate. The Act's enacted text links reductions specifically to modification of the order giving rise to the demand, narrowing the Bill's broader phrasing.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
    Comparison of section 411 "When tax payable and when assessee deemed in default." between the Income...
    Show AI Summary
    Payment deadline for tax demands triggers monthly interest and potential acceleration on instalment default, while relief may be available.
    Clause 411 makes amounts in a notice of demand payable ordinarily within thirty days of service, permits the AO with Joint Commissioner approval to shorten that period, and charges simple monthly interest from the day after the due date until payment. The AO may extend time or allow instalments on timely application, but any instalment default accelerates the whole outstanding amount. Commissioners may reduce or waive interest for genuine hardship or circumstances beyond control, subject to cooperation and procedural safeguards. Where foreign law prevents remittance, the non remittable portion must not be treated as in default.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
    Comparison of section 406 "Payment of advance tax by assessee on his own accord." between the Income...
    Show AI Summary
    Advance tax obligation: taxpayers must self estimate income and pay instalments, with permitted adjustments to remaining payments.
    Every person liable to pay advance tax must remit instalments based on the assessee's own estimate of current income (the specified sum) and the tax thereon, calculated by the prescribed method and paid at prescribed instalment percentages and due dates; taxpayers may increase or reduce amounts in remaining instalments to reflect revised estimates, and the clause itself defines specified sum but is silent on exceptions, enforcement, interest, penalties and procedural recordkeeping.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
    Comparison of section 402 "Interpretation." between the Income-Tax Act, 2025 (as passed) and the Inc...
    Show AI Summary
    Withholding definitions expanded to include both incorrect deduction and collection rates, increasing administrative scrutiny of statements.
    Section 402 provides the definitional framework for deduction and collection at source, specifying who is a person responsible for paying, buyer, seller and other categories, and defining transactional terms including rent, immovable property and digital-economy roles. The Act expands the concept of an "incorrect claim apparent from any information in the statement" to cover both incorrect rates of deduction and incorrect rates of collection, thereby enabling identification of filing errors from statements alone. Turnover thresholds and carve-outs determine when withholding obligations arise; several definitions rely on cross-references to external provisions.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
    Comparison of section 398 "Consequences of failure to deduct or pay or, collect or pay." between the...
    Show AI Summary
    Deemed assessee in default for non-deduction or non-collection of tax exposes deductors/collectors to interest and asset charge.
    Failure to deduct, collect, or pay tax causes the person required to do so to be deemed an assessee in default, liable for interest on delayed deduction/collection and on delayed payment, and, where tax has been deducted or collected but not paid, the tax and interest form a statutory charge on all assets; a safe harbour exists if the recipient has filed a return, included the amount and paid tax and the deductor/collector produces the prescribed accountant's certificate, while penalty can be imposed only if the assessing officer is satisfied there were no good and sufficient reasons for the failure.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
    Comparison of section 397 "Compliance and reporting." between the Income-Tax Act, 2025 (as passed) a...
    Show AI Summary
    TAN/PAN compliance tightens reporting and mandates higher withholding where PAN is not furnished, while shortening correction windows.
    Clause 397 mandates TAN application and mandatory TAN quoting by deductors/collectors, requires payees/payers to furnish a PAN (with enacted text adding a "valid" PAN requirement), prescribes higher withholding/collection rates where PAN is not furnished subject to enumerated exceptions, requires timely deposit of deducted/collected tax and filing of prescribed statements, provides a correction statement mechanism with a time limit, sets special reporting duties for payments to non residents and small interest payments by banks/co operatives/public companies, and preserves collector liability for unpaid but collectible tax.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
    Comparison of section 395 "Certificates." between the Income-Tax Act, 2025 (as passed) and the Incom...
    Show AI Summary
    Certificates for lower tax withholding enable AO-issued rates or nil deduction and proportionate nonresident withholding relief.
    Clause creates an AO-issued certificate system permitting payees, buyers/licensees/lessees and payers to obtain prescribed-form certificates altering the rate (or, under the Act, rate or nil deduction) at which tax is deducted or collected; for non-salary payments to non-residents the payer may seek a proportionate determination of the taxable part; deductors/collectors must issue prescribed documentary certificates to deductees/collectees and the AO may cancel certificates after affording a reasonable opportunity, with detailed forms, validity and procedures left to rules.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
    Comparison of section 394 "Collection of tax at source." between the Income-Tax Act, 2025 (as passed...
    Show AI Summary
    Collection of tax at source: TCS on specified receipts with exemptions, non cumulation and documentation duties.
    Clause 394 prescribes TCS on nine specified receipt types with collectors (sellers, authorised dealers, licensors/lessors) required to collect at prescribed rates at the earlier of debiting the buyer's account or receipt. Indian resident buyers may avoid collection by furnishing a prescribed declaration of end use; the enacted law imposes a delivery timeline for that declaration and adds an exemption for certain education loan funded remittances. The provision includes non cumulation rules to prevent duplicate collection and leaves procedural specifics to subordinate rules.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
    Comparison of section 393 "Tax to be deducted at source." between the Income-Tax Act, 2025 (as passe...
    Show AI Summary
    Tax withholding obligations expanded to cover e-commerce and virtual asset transfers, with precedence rules to prevent multiple deductions.
    Section 393 prescribes a comprehensive TDS matrix covering payments to residents, non-residents and any person, listing payment categories, the person liable to deduct, rates or rates-in-force and monetary thresholds. Deduction is required at credit or payment, whichever is earlier, with specific precedence rules (notably for e-commerce) to prevent multiple deductions. The section contains carve-outs and nil-deduction declaration mechanisms subject to conditions and reporting; operational guidance emphasises mapping payments to entries, retaining declarations and ensuring tax on mixed cash and in-kind transactions before release.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
    Comparison of section 392 "Salary and accumulated balance due to an employee." between the Income-Ta...
    Show AI Summary
    Deduction of tax at source on salaries: payer obligation to withhold at average rate and trustees to withhold on accumulations.
    Section 392 places primary TDS obligation on payers of salary to deduct tax at the time of payment at the average rate on estimated annual income; employers may opt to pay tax on non monetary perquisites. Trustees of recognised provident and superannuation funds must deduct tax where Schedule XI applies, with a specified 10% withholding rule for certain employees' provident fund accumulations. The enacted text tightens prescribed form and verification requirements, alters a cross reference to section 17, and expressly permits eligible start ups to "deduct or pay, as the case may be."
    Act RulesIncome Tax
    Comparison of section 390 "Deduction or collection at source and advance payment." between the Incom...
    Show AI Summary
    Withholding tax and advance payments operate independently of assessment, securing provisional tax credits and rule making authority.
    Deduction or collection at source, advance payment, and specified payments under section 392(2)(a) operate independently of later assessment and are additional to other recovery measures; amounts remitted to the Central Government are treated as tax paid on behalf of the person from whose income tax was deducted, from whom tax was collected, or in respect of whose income tax was paid, and the Board may make rules for crediting such amounts and for attributing the tax year for credit.

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      Rationalisation of provision of transfer of capital asset to partner on dissolution or reconstitution

      1 February, 2021

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      Budget 2021-22 + FINANCE Bill, 2021

      Rationalisation of provision of transfer of capital asset to partner on dissolution or reconstitution

      The existing provisions of section 45 of the Act inter alia, provides that any profits or gains arising from the transfer of a capital asset shall be chargeable to income-tax under the head Capital gains and shall be deemed to be the income of the previous year in which such transfer takes place. Further sub-section (4) of the said section, provides that the profits or gains arising from the transfer of a capital asset by way of distribution of capital assets on the dissolution of a firm or other association of persons or body of individuals (not being a company or a co-operative society)or otherwise, shall be chargeable to tax as the income of such firm or other association of persons or body of individuals of the previous year in which the said transfer takes place. Further, the fair market value of the asset on the date of such transfer shall be deemed to be the full value of the consideration for the purposes of section 48.

      In this regard, it has been noticed that there is uncertainty regarding applicability of provisions of aforesaid sub-section to a situation where assets are revalued or self- generated assets are recorded in the books of accounts and payment is made to partner or member which is in excess of his capital contribution.

      Hence, it is proposed to substitute the existing sub-section (4) of section 45 of the Act with a new sub-section (4) and also insert a new sub-section (4A) to this section.

      New proposed sub-section (4) of section 45 of the Act applies in a case where a specified person who receives during the previous year any capital asset at the time of dissolution or reconstitution of the specified entity. The capital asset represents the balance in the capital account of such specified person in the books of the specified entity at the time of its dissolution or reconstitution. In this situation, the profit and gains arising from the receipt of such capital asset by the specified person shall be chargeable to income-tax as income of the specified entity under the head “capital gains” and shall be deemed to be the income of such specified entity of the previous year in which the capital asset was received by the specified person. For the purposes of section 48 of the Act, the fair market value of the capital asset on the date of such receipt shall be deemed to be the full value of the consideration received or accruing as a result of the transfer of the capital asset. The balance in the capital account of the specified person in the books of account of the specified entity is to be calculated without taking into account increase in the capital account of the specified person due to revaluation of any asset or due to self-generated goodwill or any other self-generated asset.

      New proposed section sub-section (4A) of section 45 of the Act applies in a case where a specified person receives during the previous year any money or other asset at the time of dissolution or reconstitution of the specified entity. The money or other asset is required to be in excess of the balance in the capital account of such specified person in the books of accounts of the specified entity at the time of its dissolution or reconstitution. In this situation, the profits or gains arising from the receipt of such money or other asset by the specified person shall be chargeable to income-tax as income of the specified entity under the head "Capital gains" and shall be deemed to be the income of such specified entity of the previous year in which the money or other asset was received by the specified person. For the purposes of section 48 of the Act,

      • value of the money or the fair market value of other asset on the date of such receipt shall be deemed to be the full value of the consideration received or accruing as a result of the transfer of the capital asset; and

      • the balance in the capital account of the specified person in the books of accounts of the specified entity at the time of its dissolution or reconstitution shall be deemed to be the cost of acquisition.

      The balance in the capital account of the specified person in the books of account of the specified entity is to be calculated without taking into account increase in the capital account of the specified person due to revaluation of any asset or due to self- generated goodwill or any other self-generated asset.

      For the purposes of these two sub-sections,-

      • specified person” is proposed to be defined as a person who is partner of a firm or member of other association of persons or body of individuals (not being a company or a cooperative society), in any previous year;

      • “specified entity” is proposed to be defined as a firm or other association of persons or body of individuals (not being a company or a cooperative society);and

      • “self-generated goodwill” and “self –generated assets” are proposed to be defined as goodwill or asset, as the case may be, which has been acquired without incurring any cost for purchase or which has been generated during the course of the business or profession.

      Consequential amendment is also proposed in section 48 of the Act to provide that in case of specified entity, the amount included in the total income of such specified entity under sub-section (4A) of section 45 which is attributable to the capital asset being transferred, shall be reduced from the full value of the consideration to compute income charged under the head “capital gains”. This is to be calculated in the manner to be prescribed later. This is to mitigate the double taxation which may have happened but for this provision in a situation where an asset which was revalued and for which income under the proposed sub-section (4A) of section 45 of the Act was brought to tax is transferred subsequently by the specified entity.

      These amendments will be effective from the 1st April, 2021 and will accordingly apply to the assessment year 2021-22 and subsequent assessment years.

      [Clauses 14 and 16]

       

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      Budget 2021-22 + FINANCE Bill, 2021

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      ActsIncome Tax
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