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    ManualsIncome Tax
    What is the impact of ICDS X containing transitional provisions.
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    Transitional provisions for ICDS X ensure recognition of provisions and contingent items to prevent double taxation or omission.
    Transitional recognition under ICDS X requires that provisions, contingent liabilities and contingent assets and related income be recognised for previous years commencing on or after 1 April 2016 in accordance with this standard, after taking into account any amount recognised for the same items for previous years ending on or before 31 March 2016; the rule aims to prevent double taxation or omission of income.
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    Employee post retirement benefit provisioning excluded from ICDS X, governed by specific statutory provisions for income computation.
    Provisioning for employee post retirement benefits covered by AS 15 shall continue to be governed by specific provisions of the Act and are not dealt with by ICDS X; ICDS X does not apply to liabilities otherwise falling within AS 15.
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    Borrowing costs capitalization requires capitalizing interest for qualifying assets; inventory only when production is prolonged.
    Borrowing costs directly attributable to acquisition, construction or production of tangible and intangible assets must be capitalized as part of the asset cost. Inventory borrowing costs are capitalized only when the inventory requires an extended period to become saleable. Specific borrowings for a qualifying asset require capitalization of actual borrowing costs incurred during the qualifying period. For general borrowings, a formulaic allocation apportions borrowing costs to qualifying assets based on the ratio of qualifying assets to total assets.
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    Borrowing costs capitalised under ICDS IX must exclude amounts disallowed by specific provisions of the Act; only the portion of borrowing cost that remains allowable under the Act may be capitalised, because specific statutory disallowances override ICDS treatment.
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    Capitalization of borrowing costs: general borrowing must be allocated to qualifying assets and capitalized on an asset-by-asset basis.
    General borrowing costs computed under the ICDS-IX formula must be apportioned among qualifying assets and capitalized on an asset-by-asset basis, so that each qualifying asset's capitalized borrowing cost reflects its proportionate share of general borrowing under the standard.
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    Exchange differences excluded from borrowing costs under ICDS IX; foreign exchange effects governed by ICDS VI.
    Exchange differences from foreign currency borrowings that are treated as adjustments to interest are excluded from borrowing costs under ICDS IX; the effects of changes in foreign exchange rates, including those relating to interest, are governed by ICDS VI.
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    Borrowing cost: bill discounting and similar charges treated as borrowing cost, except when not tied to borrowed funds.
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    Valuation of securities as stock-in-trade: mandatorily at lower of actual cost and net realizable value.
    Securities held as stock-in-trade must be valued at the lower of actual cost initially recognized and net realizable value at year-end. Unlisted or unquoted securities held as stock-in-trade are to be measured at actual cost as initially recognized, under the income computation and disclosure standards framework.
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    Para 9 of ICDS-VIII on securities requires securities held as stock-in-trade shall be valued at actu...
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    Valuation of securities: aggregate category wise cost compared with net realisable value, lower amount taken as carrying value.
    For subsequent measurement under ICDS VIII, securities held as stock in trade are aggregated category wise; for each category the aggregate cost and aggregate net realisable value are compared, and the lower of the two is taken as the carrying value.
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    Which ICDS would govern derivative instruments.
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    Derivatives accounting: ICDS VI governs typical derivatives, ICDS I applies residually, capital-asset derivatives are excluded.
    ICDS VI supplies guidance for derivative contracts such as forward contracts; derivatives outside ICDS VI's scope fall under ICDS I. Derivative instruments that qualify as capital assets are excluded from ICDS and thus not governed by those standards.
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    Recognition of government grants: pre-existing grants deemed recognised on receipt while later grants follow ICDS recognition criteria.
    Grants actually received before the ICDS effective date are deemed recognised on receipt under Para 4(2) of ICDS VII and remain governed by pre-ICDS law; grants received on or after the effective date must be recognised only when the ICDS VII recognition criteria in Paras 5-9 are satisfied, with recognition then following ICDS VII.
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    How to deal with a situation where compensation is payable for the purposes of giving ‘immediate f...
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    Government grant for immediate financial support must be recognised when receivable, irrespective of actual receipt.
    Government grants given as immediate financial support and not tied to specific expenditure must be recognised when the grantee is entitled and sums become receivable; actual receipt is immaterial. If the grant is confined to an individual enterprise and grant-related conditions are met, recognition occurs in the period of receivability, governing timing of income inclusion and disclosure under the income computation framework.
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    Whether a grant which is not directly relatable to non-depreciable assets should be concluded as an ...
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    Government grants treatment: grants not directly relatable to nondepreciable assets treated as taxable income rather than reduction in asset cost.
    Grants not directly relatable to nondepreciable assets are to be recognised as taxable income under the Act rather than deducted from asset cost; the ICDS preamble confirms the Act prevails over ICDS, and paragraph 7 of ICDS VII applies solely to depreciable assets where reduction of asset cost is appropriate.
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    Where the grants are received for assets which are outside the block of assets, then what is the tre...
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    Recognition of government grants: generally recognized as income on receipt unless reasonable certainty permits spreading with related costs.
    Grants for assets outside the block of depreciable assets are to be recognized as income; statutory tax provisions control and preclude spreading recognition beyond the year of receipt, except where there is reasonable certainty of receipt permitting deferral and matching with costs incurred for obligations related to the non-depreciable assets.
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    Whether grants should be recognised even in cases where there is no certainty that the conditions at...
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    Recognition of government grants: must occur on receipt; potential reversals are applied against unamortized deferred credit balances.
    ICDS VII requires government grants to be recognised on the date of receipt and prohibits deferral beyond receipt; where grants become refundable because attached conditions are unmet, reversal of initial recognition must first be applied to the unamortized deferred credit arising from the grant, so income recognition must reflect both receipt and the certainty of meeting conditions.
    ManualsIncome Tax
    How are Government grants to be recognized.
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    Recognition of government grants requires reasonable certainty of compliance and receipt; disclose in income computation accordingly.
    Under ICDS VII, government grants are to be recognized when there is reasonable certainty that the related conditions will be complied with and that the grants will be received; such grants should not be postponed beyond the actual receipt date for income computation and disclosure purposes.

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      Rationalisation of provision of transfer of capital asset to partner on dissolution or reconstitution

      1 February, 2021

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      Budget 2021-22 + FINANCE Bill, 2021

      Rationalisation of provision of transfer of capital asset to partner on dissolution or reconstitution

      The existing provisions of section 45 of the Act inter alia, provides that any profits or gains arising from the transfer of a capital asset shall be chargeable to income-tax under the head Capital gains and shall be deemed to be the income of the previous year in which such transfer takes place. Further sub-section (4) of the said section, provides that the profits or gains arising from the transfer of a capital asset by way of distribution of capital assets on the dissolution of a firm or other association of persons or body of individuals (not being a company or a co-operative society)or otherwise, shall be chargeable to tax as the income of such firm or other association of persons or body of individuals of the previous year in which the said transfer takes place. Further, the fair market value of the asset on the date of such transfer shall be deemed to be the full value of the consideration for the purposes of section 48.

      In this regard, it has been noticed that there is uncertainty regarding applicability of provisions of aforesaid sub-section to a situation where assets are revalued or self- generated assets are recorded in the books of accounts and payment is made to partner or member which is in excess of his capital contribution.

      Hence, it is proposed to substitute the existing sub-section (4) of section 45 of the Act with a new sub-section (4) and also insert a new sub-section (4A) to this section.

      New proposed sub-section (4) of section 45 of the Act applies in a case where a specified person who receives during the previous year any capital asset at the time of dissolution or reconstitution of the specified entity. The capital asset represents the balance in the capital account of such specified person in the books of the specified entity at the time of its dissolution or reconstitution. In this situation, the profit and gains arising from the receipt of such capital asset by the specified person shall be chargeable to income-tax as income of the specified entity under the head “capital gains” and shall be deemed to be the income of such specified entity of the previous year in which the capital asset was received by the specified person. For the purposes of section 48 of the Act, the fair market value of the capital asset on the date of such receipt shall be deemed to be the full value of the consideration received or accruing as a result of the transfer of the capital asset. The balance in the capital account of the specified person in the books of account of the specified entity is to be calculated without taking into account increase in the capital account of the specified person due to revaluation of any asset or due to self-generated goodwill or any other self-generated asset.

      New proposed section sub-section (4A) of section 45 of the Act applies in a case where a specified person receives during the previous year any money or other asset at the time of dissolution or reconstitution of the specified entity. The money or other asset is required to be in excess of the balance in the capital account of such specified person in the books of accounts of the specified entity at the time of its dissolution or reconstitution. In this situation, the profits or gains arising from the receipt of such money or other asset by the specified person shall be chargeable to income-tax as income of the specified entity under the head "Capital gains" and shall be deemed to be the income of such specified entity of the previous year in which the money or other asset was received by the specified person. For the purposes of section 48 of the Act,

      • value of the money or the fair market value of other asset on the date of such receipt shall be deemed to be the full value of the consideration received or accruing as a result of the transfer of the capital asset; and

      • the balance in the capital account of the specified person in the books of accounts of the specified entity at the time of its dissolution or reconstitution shall be deemed to be the cost of acquisition.

      The balance in the capital account of the specified person in the books of account of the specified entity is to be calculated without taking into account increase in the capital account of the specified person due to revaluation of any asset or due to self- generated goodwill or any other self-generated asset.

      For the purposes of these two sub-sections,-

      • specified person” is proposed to be defined as a person who is partner of a firm or member of other association of persons or body of individuals (not being a company or a cooperative society), in any previous year;

      • “specified entity” is proposed to be defined as a firm or other association of persons or body of individuals (not being a company or a cooperative society);and

      • “self-generated goodwill” and “self –generated assets” are proposed to be defined as goodwill or asset, as the case may be, which has been acquired without incurring any cost for purchase or which has been generated during the course of the business or profession.

      Consequential amendment is also proposed in section 48 of the Act to provide that in case of specified entity, the amount included in the total income of such specified entity under sub-section (4A) of section 45 which is attributable to the capital asset being transferred, shall be reduced from the full value of the consideration to compute income charged under the head “capital gains”. This is to be calculated in the manner to be prescribed later. This is to mitigate the double taxation which may have happened but for this provision in a situation where an asset which was revalued and for which income under the proposed sub-section (4A) of section 45 of the Act was brought to tax is transferred subsequently by the specified entity.

      These amendments will be effective from the 1st April, 2021 and will accordingly apply to the assessment year 2021-22 and subsequent assessment years.

      [Clauses 14 and 16]

       

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      Budget 2021-22 + FINANCE Bill, 2021

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