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    Case LawsIncome Tax
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    Case LawsIncome Tax
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    Discretionary trusts taxed at maximum marginal rate must have surcharge computed under slab and threshold rules, not automatically at top rate.
    For private discretionary trusts taxed at the maximum marginal rate under sections 164/167B, the term denotes the highest basic slab rate under the Finance Act, but surcharge on that tax must be computed according to the Finance Act's slab- and threshold-based surcharge provisions; if the trust's total income does not cross the statutory surcharge threshold, no surcharge is leviable despite basic tax being at the top slab rate.
    Case LawsCustoms
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    Quicklime classification: impure lime falls under specific tariff heading, not high purity calcium oxide, per HSN purity standard.
    The imported material, chemically tested as impure calcium oxide (about 92.2% CaO with mineral impurities), is classifiable under Heading 2522 10 00 as Quicklime. Chapter Note 1 to Chapter 25 must be read contextually and does not disqualify quicklime from Chapter 25 where the tariff text and HSN Explanatory Notes expressly contemplate calcined quicklime. Heading 2825 is confined to chemically pure calcium oxide (approximately 98% CaO) and its residuary sub-heading cannot displace the specific Heading 2522 unless that purity threshold and absence of impurities are met.
    Case LawsIncome Tax
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    Reassessment notices: surviving-time computation under COVID-era relief and new limitation rules renders late notices time-barred.
    The court held that in transitional reassessment cases the appropriate sanctioning authority is determined by when the original three-year expiry fell within the COVID-era relief window, so approval by the ordinarily specified authority for within-three-year cases suffices; limitation is governed by a two-step surviving-time computation measured from the original notice as of the relief-window terminal date, excluding stayed periods and the time allowed to reply, and any later notice issued beyond that surviving time is time-barred under the substituted limitation regime read with the time-relief statute and the legal-fiction continuity.
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    Seizure of goods: six month statutory limit for issuing show cause notice is mandatory despite provisional release.
    The six month limit in Section 110(2) for issuing a show cause notice after seizure under Section 110(1) is mandatory; only a single six month extension under the first proviso is permissible. Provisional release under Section 110A does not suspend, extend or neutralise that time bar. The 2018 second proviso making the six month rule inapplicable where provisional release is ordered is a substantive change and does not validate pre amendment seizures prolonged without notice.
    Case LawsIncome Tax
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    Prima facie adjustments cannot decide debatable legal claims in return processing; contested deductions require scrutiny procedures.
    When a claimed deduction depends on timely deposit of employee welfare contributions and the legal question is debatable or pending higher adjudication, summary processing adjustments cannot be used to resolve the dispute; such matters require scrutiny or reassessment procedures and the validity of any processing-stage action must be judged by the law and facts existing at the time of processing.
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    Survey discovered unaccounted stock must be assessed under sections 35(6) and 73/74, not via section 130.
    Tax liability for unaccounted goods found in a survey must be determined under section 35(6) read with sections 73/74 of the GST Act; section 130 cannot be used to quantify tax or levy penalty in such cases. The statutory cross reference to sections 73/74 requires adherence to their procedural safeguards, and quantification based solely on eye estimates during survey is insufficient without proper weighment or verification.
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    Input Tax Credit fraud: writ relief limited where appeals exist; hearings and raw RUDs generally suffice absent prejudice.
    The High Court held that writ jurisdiction must be exercised with restraint in complex ITC fraud matters appealable under Section 107; at least one personal hearing and provision of RUDs as collected by the Department generally suffice absent demonstrable prejudice; detailed allocation of penal liability under Sections 73/74/75(13)/122 requires adjudicatory or appellate factfinding and cannot be resolved in writ proceedings.
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    Writ jurisdiction limited where statutory appeal exists for fact intensive GST fraud investigations; appellate forum preferred for evidentiary disputes.
    The High Court reaffirmed that writ jurisdiction under Article 226 is generally inappropriate where a statutory appeal exists for fact intensive GST investigations alleging fraudulent availment of Input Tax Credit through fake invoices. Courts should confine review to jurisdictional defects or breaches of natural justice; detailed evidentiary disputes involving voluminous Relied Upon Documents, recorded statements and transaction chains are better resolved by the specialised appellate forum, which should hear appeals on merits and avoid dismissing on limitation grounds where appropriate.
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    Prospectivity of tax amendments: changes to accumulation rules apply from their effective date, not to prior accruals.
    Interpretation of section 11(3) concludes that, under the pre-amendment text, accumulated charitable funds could be applied in the year immediately following the five-year accumulation period; the 2022/2023 amendment removing that year was treated as prospective under the presumption against retrospective tax imposition. Separately, corrections by the Centralised Processing Centre under section 143(1) are confined to mechanistic errors and should not resolve debatable substantive questions of statutory interpretation.
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    Condonation of delay in tax exemption claims should favor substantive rights over mere technical filing defects when bona fide.
    Equitable application of the Condonation Power requires authorities to admit late Form No.10B filings when short delays or credible explanations would otherwise strip claimants of substantive exemption rights; procedural defects such as digital-signature technicalities must be tested against documentary e-filing evidence and substantial compliance, while administrative safeguards permit subsequent verification of the audit report.
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    Imported second hand MFDs meeting HSE technical criteria can be exempt from BIS registration and obtain conditional provisional release.
    Where importers produce prima facie evidence that imported second hand MFDs meet the Highly Specialized Equipment (HSE) criteria (limited units per model and physical thresholds such as weight >80 kg), those devices are exempt from compulsory BIS registration under the CRO and fall within the FTP residuary category for second hand capital goods; accordingly, provisional release may be granted on conditions (bond/guarantee and document verification) without prejudice to final adjudication.
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    Royalty characterisation for software determines withholding-non exclusive copies/licenses generally not subject to TDS unless income is chargeable.
    Payments for off the shelf/shrink wrapped software or hardware embedded software that constitute a resale of a copyrighted article or a grant of a non exclusive, restricted licence for internal use do not ordinarily constitute royalty under section 9(1)(vi) or typical DTAA provisions; withholding under section 195 arises only where the non resident's receipts are chargeable to tax in India (e.g., due to a PE or transfer of substantive copyright rights), and retrospective domestic amendments cannot be used to impose past withholding obligations on payors who lacked notice of the expanded definition.
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    Provisional attachment limits: fixed statutory expiry prevents re-issuance of lapsed attachment orders on same property.
    A provisional attachment under the CGST scheme automatically ceases on expiry of the statutory time limit; once it has lapsed by operation of law, tax authorities have no power to re issue or renew a fresh provisional attachment over the same property on substantially the same grounds, and any such fresh order is void. Procedural rules or executive instructions cannot be used to circumvent this statutory safeguard and must be aligned with the primary legislation.
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    Provisional release of seized imports permitted subject to proportionate security, favouring bonds over bank guarantees before adjudication.
    Provisional release under Section 110 is permitted subject to proportionate protections: payment of duties as self-assessed; payment of a substantive portion (commonly fifty percent) of any departmental differential; and execution of enforceable bonds for the balance. Bank guarantees or cash security for speculative fines prior to adjudication are often disproportionate and may be replaced by bonds, though deliberate mis-declaration, concealment or prohibited imports justify stricter protective measures.
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    Force majeure causation in GST limitation: proximate cause and mandatory council recommendation govern valid time limit extensions.
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    Two Tribunal benches held that the Finance Act, 2022 amendment to the accumulation provision is prospective; accumulations made before 1 April 2022 remain governed by the prior law including the additional one year grace, and utilisation within that six year window cannot be taxed for AY 2023 24. The Tribunals relied on the presumption against retrospectivity, the Finance Bill memorandum stating an effective date of 1 April 2023, and fairness doctrines to conclude Parliament did not intend to curtail vested rights retroactively.
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    Tribunal recall power limited: later judicial overruling alone cannot reopen finalized tax orders under review rules.
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    Concurrent jurisdiction between JAO and faceless authorities affirmed; JAO may initiate reassessment followed by faceless assessment.
    The faceless scheme and RMS produce information that may be surfaced to the JAO, permitting the JAO to conduct the pre-notice inquiry and form satisfaction to issue a notice initiating reassessment; thereafter records may be transmitted for faceless assessment via automated allocation, embodying a two-stage model that preserves both JAO initiation authority and central faceless assessment.

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      OTHER PROPOSALS INVOLVING CHANGES IN BASIC CUSTOMS DUTY RATES IN RESPECTIVE NOTIFICATIONS [with effect from 2.2.2021, unless specified otherwise]

      1 February, 2021

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      Budget 2021-22 + FINANCE Bill, 2021

      OTHER PROPOSALS INVOLVING CHANGES IN BASIC CUSTOMS DUTY RATES IN RESPECTIVE NOTIFICATIONS [with effect from 2.2.2021, unless specified otherwise]

      S. No

      Chapter, Heading, sub- heading, tariff item

      Commodity

      From

      To

       

       

      Agricultural Products and By Products

       

       

      1.

      2207 20 00

      Denatured Ethyl Alcohol (ethanol) for use in manufacture of excisable goods

      2.5%

      5%

      2.

      23

      All goods except dog and cat food and shrimp larvae feed

      Nil/ 5%/

      10%/

      15%/

      20%/

      30%

      15%

       

       

      Minerals

       

       

      3.

      2528

      Natural borates and concentrates thereof

      Nil/5%

      2.5%

        

      Fuels, Chemicals and Plastics

        

      3.

      2710

      Naphtha

      4%

      2.5%

      5.

      2907 23 00

      Bis-phenol A

      Nil

      7.5%

      6.

      2910 30 00

      Epichlorohydrin

      2.5%

      7.5%

      7.

      2933 71 00

      Caprolactam

      7.5%

      5%

      8.

      3907 40 00

      Polycarbonates

      5%

      7.5%

      9.

      3908

      Nylon chips

      7.5%

      5%

      10.

      3920 99 99

      Other plates, sheets, films, etc. of other plastics

      10%

      15%

        

      Leather

        

      11

      41

      Wet blue chrome tanned leather, crust leather, finished leather of all kinds, including splits and sides of the aforesaid

      Nil

      10%

        

      Textiles

        

      12.

      5002

      Raw Silk (not thrown)

      10%

      15%

      13.

      5004, 5005,

      5006

      Silk yarn, yarn spun from silk waste (whether or not put up for retail sale)

      10%

      15%

      14.

      5201

      Raw Cotton

      Nil

      5% +

      5% AIDC*

      15.

      5202

      Cotton waste (including yarn waste or garneted stock)

      Nil

      10%

      16.

      5402, 5403,

      5404, 5405

      00 00, 5406,

      5501 to 5510

      Nylon Fibre and Yarn

      7.5%

      5%

        

      Gems and Jewellery Sector

        

      17.

      7106

      Silver

      12.5.%

      7.5%+

      2.5% AIDC*

      18.

      7106

      Silver Dore

      11%

      6.1% +

      2.5%

      AIDC*

      19.

      7108

      Gold

      12.5%

      7.5%+

      2.5% AIDC*

      20.

      7108

      Gold Dore

      11.85%

      6.9%+

      2.5% AIDC*

      21.

      7107 00 00,

      7109 00 00,

      7111 00 00

      Base metals or precious metals clad with precious metals

      12.5%

      10%

      22.

      7110

      Other precious metals like Platinum, Palladium, etc.

      12.5%

      10%

      23.

      7112

      Waste and scrap of precious metals or metals clad with precious metals

      12.5%

      10%

      24.

      7112

      Spent catalyst or ash containing precious metals

      11.85%

      9.17%

      25.

      7113

      Gold or Silver Findings

      20%

      10%

      26.

      7118

      Coin

      12.5%

      10%

       

       

      Metals

       

       

      27.

      7204

      Iron and steel scrap, including stainless steel scrap [up to 31.03.2022]

      2.5%

      Nil

      28.

      7206 and

      7207

      Primary/Semi-finished products of non-alloy steel

      10%

      7.5%

      29.

      7208, 7209,

      7210, 7211,

      7212, 7225

      (except 7225

      11 00) and

      7226 (except

      7226 11 00)

      Flat products of non-alloy and alloy steel

      10%

      /12.5%

      7.5%

      30.

      7213, 7214,

      7215, 7216,

      7217, 7221,

      7222, 7223,

      7227 and

      7228

      Long product of non-alloy, stainless and alloy steel

      10%

      7.5%

      31.

      7225

      Raw materials for use in manufacture of CRGO steel [up to 31.03.2023]

      2.5%

      Nil

      32.

      7404

      Copper Scrap

      5%

      2.5%

      33.

      7318

      Screw, bolts, nuts, etc. of iron and steel

      10%

      15%

       

       

      Capital Goods

       

       

      34.

      8430

      Tunnel boring machines

      Nil

      7.5%

      35.

      8431

      Parts and components for manufacture of tunnel boring machines with actual-user condition IT,

      Nil

      2.5%

       

       

       

      Electronics and Renewable

       

       

      36.

      8544 (other

      than 8544 70

      and 8544 30

      00)

      Specified insulated wires and cables

      7.5%

      10%

      37.

      39, 74 and

      85

      Former, bases, bobbins, brackets; CP wires; P.B.T.; Phenol resin moulding powder; Lamination/ El silicon steel strips for use in manufacture of transformers (entry at S.No. 198 of 25/1999- Customs)

      Nil

      Applica ble rate

      38.

      Any Chapter

      Inputs or parts for manufacture of Printed Circuit Board Assembly (PCBA) of cellular mobile phone

      (w.e.f. 1.4.2021)

      Nil

      2.5%

      39.

      Any Chapter

      Inputs or parts for manufacture of camera module of cellular mobile phone

      (w.e.f. 1.4.2021)

      Nil

      2.5%

      40.

      Any Chapter

      Inputs or parts for manufacture of connectors of cellular mobile phone

      (w.e.f. 1.4.2021)

      Nil

      2.5%

      41.

      Any Chapter

      Inputs or raw material for manufacture of specified parts like back cover, side keys etc. of cellular mobile phone

      (w.e.f. 1.4.2021)

      Nil

      2.5%

      42.

      Any Chapter

      Inputs or raw material (other than PCBA and moulded plastics) for manufacture of charger or adapter of cellular mobile phones

      Nil

      10%

      43.

      8504 90 90

      or

      3926 90 99

      Moulded plastics for manufacture of charger or adapter

      10%

      15%

      44.

      Any Chapter

      Inputs or parts of Printed Circuit Board Assembly of charger or adapter of cellular mobile phones

      Nil

      10%

      45.

      Any Chapter

      Inputs or parts of Moulded Plastic of charger or adapter of cellular mobile phones

      Nil

      10%

      46.

      Any Chapter

      Inputs or raw materials (other than Lithium-ion cell and PCBA) of Lithium-ion battery or battery pack

      (w.e.f. 1.4.2021)

      Nil

      2.5%

      47.

      Any Chapter

      Parts or components of PCBA of Lithium-ion battery or battery pack

      (w.e.f. 1.4.2021)

      Nil

      2.5%

      48.

      Any Chapter

      Inputs or raw materials of following goods: -

      1. Other machines capable of connecting to an automatic data processing machine or to a network (8443 32 90)
      2. Ink cartridges, with print head assembly (8443 99 51)
      3. Ink cartridges, without print head assembly (8443 99 52)

      (iv)Ink spray nozzle (8443 99 53) (w.e.f. 1.4.2021)

      Nil

      2.5%

      49.

      Any Chapter

      Inputs and parts of LED lights or fixtures including LED Lamps

      5%

      10%

      50.

      Any Chapter

      Inputs for use in the manufacture of LED driver or MCPCB (Metal Core Printed Circuit Board) for LED lights or fixtures including LED Lamps

      5%

      10%

      51.

      9405 50 40

      Solar lanterns or solar lamps

      5%

      15%

      52.

      8504 40

      Solar Inverters

      5%

      20%

      53.

      9503

      Parts of Electronic Toys for manufacture of electronic toys Aviation Sector

      5%

      15%

      54.

      Any Chapter

      Components or parts, including engines, for manufacture of aircrafts or parts of such aircrafts, by Public Sector Units under Ministry of Defence subject to condition specified.

      Medical devices

      2.5%

      0%

       

      55.

      9018-9022

      Medical Devices imported by International Organization and Diplomatic Missions

      Health Cess @ 5%

      Health Cess @ Nil

        

      Goods imported under Project Import Scheme

        

      56.

      9801

      High Speed Rail Projects being brought under project imports

      Applicable Rate

      5%

      57.

      8714 91 00,

      8714 92,

      8714 93,

      8714 94 00,

      8714 95,

      8714 96 00,

      8714 99

      All goods other than Bicycle parts and components

      10%

      15%

      * Agriculture Infrastructure and Development Cess

       


       

      Full Text:

      Budget 2021-22 + FINANCE Bill, 2021

      Topics

      ActsIncome Tax