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    Tax Recovery from Directors of Private Companies : Clause 323 of the Income Tax Bill, 2025 Vs. Secti...
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    Act RulesBills
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    Director liability for unpaid company taxes: joint and several personal exposure subject to defence of absence of gross neglect.
    Clause 323 imposes joint and several personal liability on every person who was a director at any time during the relevant tax year where tax due from a private company cannot be recovered, with "tax due" including penalty, interest, fees and other sums; the director may avoid liability only by proving that non recovery was not attributable to gross neglect, misfeasance or breach of duty, and the provision overrides contrary company law provisions.
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    Liquidator personal liability: enforced civil responsibility to secure tax dues during liquidation while aligning with insolvency priorities.
    Clause 322 requires any liquidator or receiver to notify the assessing officer within thirty days of appointment and, after the assessing officer notifies an amount sufficient to cover tax liabilities (within three months), to set aside that sum and refrain from disposing of assets without leave; exceptions permit payment of tax, secured creditors with legal priority, and reasonable winding up expenses. Non compliance attracts personal civil liability for the liquidator, capped at the notified amount where applicable, and obligations are joint and several, with Clause 322 subject to the primacy of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code.
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    Assessment continuity: Dissolution of an AOP does not prevent assessment, penalty imposition, or recovery from members.
    Clause 321 permits assessment of an association of persons as if no discontinuance or dissolution had taken place, applying all statutory provisions including penalties and other sums. It empowers original and appellate officers to impose penalties specified in the penalty chapter, imposes joint and several liability on members and their legal representatives, and allows continuation of proceedings already commenced against such persons from the stage they stood at dissolution. A saving clause preserves interaction with specified cross referenced provisions.
    Act RulesBills
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    Accelerated assessment on business discontinuance enables taxation up to cessation with mandatory notice and taxation of post-cessation receipts.
    Clause 320 permits discretionary accelerated assessment of income up to the date of business discontinuance, mandates separate assessments for each completed tax year or part thereof, requires mandatory notification of discontinuance within fifteen days, empowers notice and information-gathering powers on persons, partners or officers, and deems post-discontinuance receipts to be taxable as income of the recipient while clarifying that tax charged under the clause is additional to any other tax liability.
    Act RulesBills
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    Preventive assessment of likely asset transfers: current year taxation triggered by AO belief of tax avoidance intent.
    Clause 319 empowers the Assessing Officer to tax the total income of persons believed likely to dispose of assets to avoid tax, charging income in the current tax year from its first day until proceedings commence; it requires formation of an AO opinion based on credible material, applies procedural provisions analogous to those for persons leaving the jurisdiction, and raises interpretive issues including the undefined scope of "assets", the standard for AO satisfaction, the truncated assessment period, and overlap with other anti avoidance rules.
    Act RulesBills
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    Taxation of short lived entities: income of event specific AOPs/BOIs/AJPs charged in the tax year up to dissolution.
    Clause 318 empowers the Assessing Officer to treat the total income of an AOP, BOI or AJP formed for a particular event or purpose as chargeable to tax for the tax year from its first day up to the date of dissolution where the AO is satisfied the entity is likely to dissolve, and applies the Bill's expedited procedural machinery for assessment, provisional determination and recovery.
    Act RulesBills
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    Assessment of persons leaving India: expedited tax assessment from the tax year start to departure with short notice requirements.
    Clause 317 permits the Assessing Officer to assess an individual's total income from the first day of the current tax year up to the probable date of departure where the AO reasonably believes the individual intends not to return; income is assessed by completed tax years or part-years at rates in force, may be estimated if not readily determinable, and the AO may require an expedited return within a minimum seven-day period, with taxes charged under this provision being additional to other tax liabilities.
    Act RulesBills
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    Recovery of tax from non residents: source withholding and attachment of any assets within India enable enforcement.
    Clause 422 and Section 173 authorise two primary enforcement mechanisms against non residents: recovery by deduction at source imposed on payers, agents or representative assessees, and recovery by attachment of any assets of the non resident that are, or may at any time come, within India. These powers apply whether tax is assessed in the non resident's name or in the name of a representative assessee and operate without prejudice to other assessment and recovery provisions, creating a continuing domestic enforcement right subject to definitional, procedural and treaty interaction issues.
    Act RulesBills
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    Presumptive taxation of foreign shipping secures Indian tax on carriage income via deemed income and port clearance linkage.
    Clause 316 introduces a presumptive regime deeming a fixed proportion of amounts paid or payable for carriage from Indian ports as income of non resident ship owners or charterers, includes demurrage and similar charges, requires the ship's master to file a pre departure return with the Assessing Officer (with limited deferred filing), empowers assessment within nine months, ties tax payment or satisfactory arrangements to port clearance, and preserves an option for regular assessment with payments treated as advance tax.
    Act RulesBills
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    HUF partition rules preserve deemed continuity and joint liability, limiting recognition of partial partitions and strengthening tax recovery.
    Clause 315 deems an assessed HUF to remain undivided for tax purposes until a formal finding of partition is recorded; mandates AO inquiry with notice to all members when a partition is claimed; assesses HUF income up to the partition date as if no partition occurred; imposes joint and several liability on former members for tax, penalties, interest and other sums; allows recovery from pre-partition members; computes several liability in proportion to property allotted; and disallows recognition of partial partitions for tax purposes within the specified post-cut-off period.
    Act RulesBills
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    Modified return requirement ensures tax assessments follow business reorganisation orders and must be adjusted accordingly.
    Clause 314 mandates that a successor entity furnish a modified return within the prescribed period after a business reorganisation order, limited to changes necessitated by that order, and requires the Assessing Officer to modify completed assessments or complete pending assessments in accordance with the order and the modified return; ordinary Act provisions apply unless expressly overridden, and key terms including business reorganisation and successor are defined with coverage of insolvency-sanctioned reorganisations.
    Act RulesBills
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    Continuity of tax liability on business succession: successor taxed post succession and may bear predecessor's unrecoverable dues.
    Clause 313 mandates that the predecessor is assessed for income up to the succession date and the successor for income thereafter in the same tax year; pending proceedings against the predecessor are deemed on the successor; if the predecessor cannot be found or dues are irrecoverable, assessment and recovery may be effected on the successor, who may then recover amounts from the predecessor. The clause explicitly includes gains from transfer in "income" and defines "pendency" for insolvency and tribunal contexts, aligning tax continuity with insolvency processes.
    Act RulesBills
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    Executor's right of recovery: statutory mechanism to reclaim taxes paid from the estate, subject to procedural adaptations.
    Clause 312(7) makes Section 305 applicable to executors "so far as may be" in respect of tax paid or payable by them, treating executors as representative assessees and thereby enabling statutory recovery of taxes from the estate or beneficiaries while permitting necessary adaptations of procedures and raising questions on priority and apportionment in insolvent or contested estates.
    Act RulesBills
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    Taxation of deceased estates: executor liable for estate income until complete distribution, with legatee inclusion on distributed income.
    Clause 312 taxes income of a deceased person's estate in the hands of the executor or administrator, with a single executor assessed as an individual and multiple executors as an association of persons; the executor is deemed to have the deceased's residential status for the tax year of death, assessments of estate income are separate from the executor's personal returns, separate assessments apply for each tax year or part thereof until complete distribution, and income distributed to specific legatees is excluded from the estate's income and included in the legatees' income.
    Act RulesBills
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    Joint and several liability of LLP partners applies where tax dues cannot be recovered from the LLP, subject to exculpation.
    Clause 331 makes every person who was a partner of an LLP during the relevant tax year jointly and severally liable for any tax, penalty, interest, fees or other sums payable under the Income tax law that cannot be recovered from the LLP or relevant persons, expressly overriding LLP Act protections. Liability is triggered only after non recovery from the LLP and is rebuttable: a partner can escape liability by proving that the non recovery was not due to his gross neglect, misfeasance, or breach of duty.
    Act RulesBills
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    Taxation of AOPs/BOIs with unknown member shares: maximum marginal rate applied to deter tax avoidance.
    Clause 311 mandates taxation of an AOP/BOI's total income at the maximum marginal rate where members' shares are indeterminate or unknown, and requires taxation at any higher rate applicable to any member; when shares are determinate, it taxes the whole income at the maximum marginal rate if a member's other income exceeds the exemption threshold, while portions attributable to members chargeable at higher rates are taxed at those higher rates, with a deeming provision treating shares as indeterminate if so at formation or thereafter.
    Act RulesBills
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    Firm taxation: firms taxed on total income at rates set annually in the Finance Act.
    Clause 324 charges a firm which is assessable as a firm with tax on its total income at the rate specified in the Finance Act for the relevant year, applying only to entities that qualify as firms and requiring alignment with definitional, computation and allocation provisions elsewhere in the Act.
    Act RulesBills
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    Representative assessee liability: authorities may use the same remedies against property under a representative's control to recover tax dues.
    Clause 304(5) of the Income Tax Bill, 2025, mirrors Section 167 by empowering the Assessing Officer to exercise the same remedies in the same manner against all property vested in, or under the control or management of, a representative assessee as would be available against a person directly liable for tax, covering all kinds of property and applying regardless of whether the tax demand is raised against the representative or the beneficiary.
    Act RulesBills
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    Direct assessment empowers tax authorities to bypass representative assessees and pursue beneficiaries directly, preserving recovery powers.
    Clause 304(3) (Income Tax Bill, 2025) and Section 166 (Income tax Act, 1961) are non obstante provisions empowering the AO to directly assess and recover tax from the person entitled to income, irrespective of the existence of a representative assessee; these powers are discretionary, cover both assessment and recovery, preserve procedural safeguards for the beneficiary, and operate as alternative (not cumulative) mechanisms to prevent revenue loss due to procedural technicalities or representative non cooperation.
    Act RulesBills
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    Proportional apportionment clarifies how beneficiaries' trust distributions are computed for tax using a statutory formula.
    Clause 304(4) prescribes that where only part of a trust's income is chargeable, the taxable portion of a beneficiary's receipts is determined by multiplying the beneficiary's receipt by the ratio of the trust's chargeable part to its whole income (A x C / B), thereby codifying proportional apportionment and imposing related recordkeeping and reporting obligations on trustees and representative assessees.

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      Review of concessional rates of BCD prescribed in notification no. 50/2017 - Customs dated 30.62017: The BCD exemption hitherto available on certain goods are being withdrawn by omitting following entries of notification No. 50/2017-Customs dated 30.6.2017.

      3 February, 2020

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      Budget 2020-21 + FINANCE BILL, 2020

      S. No.

      S. No. of Notification No 50/2017-customs

      Description

      1.

      5

      Tuna bait [0303]

      2.

      7

      Goods upto an aggregate of ten thousand metric tonnes of total imports of Milk and cream, in powder, granules or other solid form in a financial year. [0402 10, 0402 21 00]

      3.

      7A

      Whey, concentrated, evaporated or condensed, liquid or semi-solid [0404 10 10]

      4.

      7B

      Other Whey [0404 90 00)

      5.

      8

      Butter Ghee, Butter Oil [0405]

      6.

      9

      Other cheese [0406 90 00)

      7.

      10

      Pancreas (Products of animal origin, not elsewhere specified) (Chapter 5]

      8.

      11

      Conch shell [0508 00]

      9.

      18

      Bulbs or tubers, other live plants [0601 or 0602]

      10.

      36

      All goods other than meslin or wheat [1001]

      11.

      38

      Meslin [1001]

      12.

      40

      Maize upto an aggregate of five lakh metric tonnes of total imports of such goods in a financial year [1005 90]

      13.

      47

      Sugar beet seeds [1209 10 00)

      14.

      56

      Edible oils [1508, 1512, 1513, 1514, 1515 or 1511 10]

      15.

      58

      Refined vegetable oils of edible grade, in loose or bulk form (other than palm oil) [chapter 15]

      16.

      59

      Vegetable oils of edible grade, in loose or bulk form (other than those specified against S. No. 58 and palm oil), imported for the manufacture of oil commonly known as “Vanaspati” or for refining.

      Explanation. -The expression “Vegetable oil” means-

      (a) in the case of cottonseed oil, oil having a free fatty acid content of at least 0.2%; and

      (b) in the case of any other vegetable oil. oil with free fatty acid content of at least 0.5%. [15]

      17.

      68

      Crude sunflower seed or safflower oil upto an aggregate of one lakh and fifty thousand metric tonnes of total imports of such goods in a financial year [1512 11]

      18.

      69

      Crude sunflower seed or safflower oil other than those specified against S. No. 68 [1512 11]

      19.

      72

      Refined rape, colza or mustard oil upto an aggregate of one lakh and fifty thousand metric tonnes of total imports of such goods in a financial year (1514 19 or 1514 99]

      20.

      78

      Margarine, animal or vegetable oils of edible grade [1517 or 1518]

      21.

      83

      Glycerol, crude; glycerol waters and glycerol lyes, (other than crude glycerin) [1520 00 00]

      22.

      88A

      Raw Sugar upto an aggregate of three lakh metric tonnes of total imports of such goods. Provided that the import of raw sugar in physical form is completed within sixty (60) days from the date of issue Of the Tariff Rate Quota Allocation Certificate or license by Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT) to the importer. Provided further that the importer shall convert the raw sugar into white/ refined sugar within a period, not exceeding thirty (30) days, from the date of filing of bill of entry or the date of entry inwards, whichever is later [1701]

      23.

      89

      Dextrose Monohydrate [1702)

      24.

      92

      Molasses resulting from extraction or refining of sugar [1703]

      25.

      93

      Chewing gum whether or not sugar coated [1704 10 00]

      26.

      94

      Food preparations, for infant use and put up for retail sale, of-

      (i) goods of headings 0401 to 0404, containing cocoa calculated on a totally defatted basis, in a proportion by weight of 5% or more but less than 10%; or

      (ii) flour, meal, starch or malt extract containing cocoa calculated on a totally defatted basis, in a proportion by weight of 40% or more but less than 50% [1806 90)

      27.

      95

      Preparations for infant use put up for retail sale [1901 10]

      28.

      98

      preserved potatoes [2004 10 00]

      29.

      99

      Peanut Butter [2008 11 00]

      30.

      105

      Wine, for use as sacramental wine [22]

      31.

      108

      Angostura bitters [2208]

      32.

      113

      Fin fish feed [2301 20, 2309 90 32, 2309 90 39]

      33.

      115

      Dietary soya fibre [2304]

      34.

      148

      Naphtha, when imported by Ratnagiri Gas and Power Private Limited (RGPPL), for use in generation of electricity in the power plants of Ratnagiri Gas and Power Private Limited (RGPPL) at Dabhol, District Ratnagiri, Maharashtra [2710]

      35.

      149

      Naphtha, when imported for generation of electrical energy by a generating company as defined in section 2(28) of the Electricity Act, 2003 (36 of 2003) to supply electrical energy-or to engage in the business of supplying electrical energy [2701]

      36.

      152

      Propane, Butane [2711 12 00, 2711 13 00]

      37.

      160

      Electrical energy [ 2716 00 00]

      38.

      170

      Phosphoric acid, for the manufacture of fertilizers(28]

      39.

      212

      Japanese Encephalitis (JE) vaccine, imported by the Andhra Pradesh Government through UNICEF [30]

      40.

      220

      Kyanite salts, in a form indicative of their use for manurial purpose [31]

      41.

      243

      Isolated soya protein [3504]

      42.

      244

      Colour positive unexposed cinematographic film in jumbo rolls and colour negative unexposed cinematographic film in rolls of 400 feet and 1000 feet [37]

      43.

      245

      Instant print film [3701 20 00 or 3702]

      44.

      246

      Cinematographic films, exposed but not developed [3704]

      45.

      247

      Promotional material (like Trailers, making of film etc.) imported in the form of electronic promotion kits (EPK)/ beta cams (Any Chapter)

      46.

      263

      The following polymers of ethylene, namely: -

      (i) Cow density polyethylene (LDPE),

      (ii) Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE),

      (iii) High density polyethylene (HDPE),

      (iv) Linear medium density polyethylene (LMDPE),

      (v) Linear high-density polyethylene (LHDPE) [3901]

      47.

      264

      All goods other than poly 'so-butylene [39021

      48.

      266

      All goods [3903]

      49.

      274

      Compostable polymer or bio-plastic used in the manufacture of bio degradable agro mulching films, nursery plantation pots and flower pots [3913 90 90]

      50.

      275

      Water blocking tape for use in the manufacture of insulated Wires and cables falling under heading 8544 (except sub-heading 8544 11) [3919 90 90]

      51.

      278

      Subbed polyester base, imported by M/s. Hindustan Photo Films Manufacturing Company Limited, Udhagamandalam for the manufacture of medical or industrial X-ray films and graphic art films [39201

      52.

      286

      Patent leather [4114 20 10]

      53.

      287

      Raw furskins [4301). tanned and dried furskins [4302]

      54.

      386

      Lead bars. rods. profiles and wire [7806]

      55.

      388

      Zinc tubes, pipes and tube or pipe fittings [7907]

      56.

      389

      Tin plates, sheets and strip, of a thickness exceeding 0.2 mm; tin foil (whether or not printed or backed with paper, paperboard, plastics or similar backing materials), of a thickness (excluding any backing) not exceeding 0.2 mm; tin powders and flakes [8007]

      57.

      398

      Parts and components of the goods specified in List 10 required for use in high voltage power transmission project (Any chapter]

      58.

      401

      All items of equipment including machinery and rolling stock, procured by or on behalf of Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. for use in-

      (i) Delhi MRTS Project Phase-I, and

      (ii) Specified corridors of Delhi MRTS Project Phase-Il, comprising of the following, namely: -

      (a) Vishwavidyalaya- Jahangirpuri;

      (b) Central Secretariat-Qutab Minar (via All India Institute of Medical Sciences);

      (c) Shahdara- Dilshad Garden;

      (d) Indraprastha-New Ashok Nagar;

      (e) Yamuna Bank-Anand Vihar-lnter State Bus Terminus; and

      (f) Kirti Nagar-Mundka (along with operational Link to Shahdara- Rithala corridor) (Any Chapter)

      59.

      412

      Goods specified in List 15 required for construction of roads [84 or any other chapter]

      60.

      447

      The following goods required for manufacture of Optical disk drives (ODD), namely: -

      (i) Pick up assembly

      (ii) Digital signature procession integrated circuit

      (iii) DC motor

      (iv) LDO voltage regulator [84 or Any other Chapter]

      61.

      456

      The following goods, namely: -

      (a) Sprinklers and drip irrigation systems for agricultural and horticultural purposes;

      (b) Micro Irrigation equipment [8424]

      62.

      457

      Poultry incubators and brooders [8436 21 00]

      63.

      459

      Parts for manufacture of printers falling under sub heading 8443 32 (except 8443 99 51, 8443 99 52, 8443 99 53) [8443]

      64.

      465

      CD -Writers (8471]

      65.

      474

      MP3 or MP4 or MPEG 4 player with or without radio or video reception facility [85]

      66.

      483

      One set of pre-recorded cassettes accompanying books for learning languages and essential complement to such books, [85]

      67.

      484

      Audio cassettes, if recorded with material from books, newspaper or magazines, for the blind [85]

      68.

      515

      Colour television picture tubes for use in the manufacture of cathode ray televisions [8540 11]

       

       


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      Budget 2020-21 + FINANCE BILL, 2020

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      ActsIncome Tax