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Vested rights preserved against retrospective tax amendments; filings made before enactment remain effective for settlement consideration.
The court addressed whether a retrospective Finance Act amendment prohibiting settlement applications from a specified date could divest a taxpayer who filed earlier of its vested right to have the application considered. It held that retrospective legislation cannot take away rights already accrued by actions completed before enactment unless clearly intended; that section 119 confers time-extension power but cannot impose new substantive eligibility conditions; and that administrative delay by revenue does not justify denying access where an application was already filed.
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The assessment of share premium under section 68 requires the assessee to prove the identity, creditworthiness and genuineness of investors who subscribe at a premium. The court scrutinised disparate allotments made on consecutive days, examined subscribing companies' financials, and applied the doctrine of "source of source" restrictively, holding that incorporation papers or bank payments alone do not discharge the burden. Absent cogent evidence tracing funds to lawful origin and demonstrating commercial rationale for large premiums, additions under section 68 are supportable.
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Where the AO has recorded reasons to believe income escaped assessment, the AO may assess or reassess issues that come to notice during reassessment, but if no additions or modifications are ultimately made in respect of the issues that formed the basis for reopening, the AO cannot make additions or modifications relating solely to other matters that were part of the original assessment. Explanation 3 applies only after reassessment power is validly invoked and cannot be used to deviate from or supplant the recorded reasons.
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Corroboration requirement for search statements: unsupported search statements cannot sustain additions without linked incriminating material and fair cross examination.
Additions for alleged accommodation entries cannot rest solely on statements recorded during search operations; such statements require corroboration by material found in the search that is specifically linked to the assessee. The assessing officer must articulate a factual nexus between seized group material and the assessee, and procedural fairness-including provision of relevant statements and opportunity for cross-examination-is essential. Cure provisions do not validate jurisdictional defects arising from absence of requisite notice or lack of incriminating material.
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Registration under Section 80G: provisional approval permits subsequent final registration regardless of prior commencement of activities.
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Section 153C requires the Assessing Officer to form a reasoned satisfaction that seized material during a search has a bearing on an assessee's total income before initiating assessments; mere discovery is insufficient, and the AO must identify specific assessment years, map incriminating material year-wise, and record reasons to justify abatement or reopening.
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Royalty classification of software payments: remittances for software purchases are not treated as royalty under established precedent.
Where distribution agreements or End User License Agreements do not grant any proprietary interest or a right to use copyright, payments for acquiring computer software are not to be characterised as royalty; this conclusion follows controlling precedent and DTAA considerations and renders an Assessing Officer's contrary classification inconsistent with the correct legal interpretation.
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The judgment examines validity of notices under Section 148, holding that TOLA does not apply retrospectively for the assessment year at issue and notices issued after the statutory cutoff cannot be back-dated. Notices barred by the limitation in Section 149(1) are ineffective. Procedural prerequisites - notably issuance of a Document Identification Number and issuance through automated allocation by the faceless centre rather than direct action by the Jurisdictional Assessing Officer - are mandatory. Substantively, reopening requires escapement of income in the form of an asset, expenditure, transaction, event, or book entry; a mere change of opinion or dispute over an ordinarily allowed deduction does not meet that threshold.
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Faceless assessment: issuance of section 148 reopening notices by jurisdictional assessing officers inconsistent with faceless regime.
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Deduction eligibility for operational hotels affirmed despite administrative delay in star classification, focusing on substantive compliance.
The court addressed entitlement to a deduction under Section 35AD(5)(aa) where a hotel began operations and generated income in the relevant year and a timely application for star classification was submitted, but formal certification was delayed due to administrative inspections; the court applied a purposive construction to allow the deduction when substantive operational conditions were satisfied and delay was not the assessee's fault.
Case Laws Income Tax
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Depreciation entitlement for leasing companies where contractual ownership and business use are established, allowing higher depreciation rates.
A lessor retains entitlement to depreciation where lease terms demonstrate exclusive ownership rights, repossession power, return obligations and inspection rights, and where the asset is used in the course of the lessor's leasing business; actual physical use by the lessor is not required. Leasing activity that functionally equates to hiring can qualify assets for an enhanced rate of depreciation despite registration in the lessee's name.
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Revenue classification of debenture issuance expenses upheld as revenue expenditure despite later conversion into equity.
Expenses incurred to issue convertible debentures that are raised to provide working capital are to be treated as revenue expenditure because classification depends on the purpose and usage of the expenditure, and future conversion into shares does not change its revenue character.

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Reopening of assessment - Substance over Form - Failure to disclose material fact - Duty of the AO to make an enquiry to test the correctness of the disclosure made even if the statutory forms signed and certified by the Chartered Accountant

10 July, 2019

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2019 (7) TMI 415 - MADRAS HIGH COURT

2018 (10) TMI 442 - MADRAS HIGH COURT

Reopening of the assessment for the year 2010-2011. - Whether ingredients of Section 147 r.w.s 148 are satisfied?

Facts of the case

In the present case, deduction u/s 10B of Income Tax Act, 1961 was allowed to assessee (100% EOU) on the basis of Form No.56G. In the said Form in Column No.8 it is mentioned as 10th year of claim, but, in Column No.7, the date of commencement of manufacturing is mentioned as 28.03.2000. Thus the Assessing Officer stated that the year under consideration happens to be 11th year. The Assessing Officer also referred to the copy of the Form 56G for the assessment year 2001-2002. Accordingly the Assessing Officer informed the assessee that the assessee has exclusively extended its 10B holiday period to the 11th year and hence become ineligible for deduction under Section 10B.

Submission of the assessee

There was no opening stock as on 1.4.2000. The first invoice was raised only on 31.05.2000 to UNICEF, New Delhi. With regard to the date of commencement of manufacturing activity, the assessee stated that the firm came into existence on 20.03.2000, registered as an EOU on 29.03.2000 and has commenced manufacturing activity only after 01.04.2000.

With regard to the discrepancy pointed out by the Assessing Officer in the notice dated 25.01.2017, the assessee stated that the substance over Form is required to be taken into consideration and mere reporting of the date in the Form 56G does not give a conclusive picture as to the date of starting of manufacturing activity which is only in the month of April or which only in the assessment year 2001-02 which has been clearly claimed as the first year of exemption. Therefore, the assessee requested to drop all the assessment proceedings and reopen the assessment.

Single member bench [2018 (10) TMI 442 - MADRAS HIGH COURT], while entertaining the writ petition, has observed that:

Every non disclosure of material facts will not or cannot be a justifiable reason for reopening sustainable under judicial scrutiny.

On the other hand, such non disclosure of a material fact must be of such nature that, but for such non disclosure, the income, relatable to such material fact, would not have escaped assessment. In other words, it should lead to an irrebuttable conclusion that by the conduct of the assessee, either by providing wrong or incorrect particulars or by not providing the full and correct particulars, he should have made the Assessing Officer not to bring a particular income to tax, which is otherwise liable to be taxed. If this test is applied to the present case, I am of the view that the Revenue has to fail.

Revenue took the matter before the division bench of the High Court [2019 (7) TMI 415 - MADRAS HIGH COURT] wherein it was observed that:-

There can be no escape from this fact and the assessee should accept this mistake.................It may be true that the assessee can now take a stand that substance over form is to be considered but what is important is that the assessee at the first instance had a duty to give proper and correct details. We may say that the assessee failed in doing so. Be that as it may, what is required on the part of the Assessing Officer is not to go mechanically by the details disclosed by the assessee in the statutory form and or for that matter signed and certified by the Chartered Accountant. The Assessing Officer being cast with a statutory duty an enquiry is required to test the correctness of the disclosure made in such statutory forms. This is why the concept of substance over form was always preferred by Courts while dealing with such matters.

The second mistake which the assessee committed, which had invited the problem, was not mentioning the correct date of commencement of commercial production in its reply dated 02.02.2007 and this again was submitted through the very same Chartered Accountant. In the reply, there is a vague statement with regard to the commencement of manufacturing activity and what has been stated is that the assessee commenced manufacturing activity only after 01.04.2000. Thus, we are of the view that the assessee appears to have not been very seriously contesting the matter at the relevant point of time. Wisdom dawned upon the assessee only after the appellant passed the order dated 13.02.2017. It is thereafter the assessee through their Chartered Accountant gave the exact date of production/manufacture as 25.05.2000.

Keeping aside all these issues, we have examined the correctness of the order passed by the learned Single Bench and we note with approval the findings of the learned Single Bench in paragraphs 16 and 17 of the impugned order. The above finding rendered by the learned Single Bench is just and proper.

As pointed out by the learned Single Bench every non-disclosure of material facts will not or cannot be a justifiable reason for reopening an assessment. We reiterate that what was required to be considered is that, substance over form.

Therefore, we are of the considered view that the learned Single Bench was perfectly right in allowing the writ petition which had been done after thorough examination of the facts and the legal position. In our considered view the revenue has not made out any grounds to interfere with the order passed by the learned Single Bench.

 


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2019 (7) TMI 415 - MADRAS HIGH COURT

2018 (10) TMI 442 - MADRAS HIGH COURT

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