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    Cost of acquisition in case of depreciable asset: Clause 75 of the Income Tax Bill, 2025 vs. Section...
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    Cost of acquisition for capital gains tax purposes: Clause 73 of the Income Tax Bill, 2025 vs. Secti...
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    Cost of acquisition adjustment: depreciable assets' acquisition cost tied to written down value, altering capital gains computation.
    Clause 75 treats the written down value of a depreciable asset, where depreciation has been claimed, as the cost of acquisition for capital gains purposes and directs that set-off and carry forward provisions apply subject to this modification, thereby aligning gain or loss on disposal with the asset's depreciated value.
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    Computation of capital gains on depreciable assets: revised short term treatment under an overriding block based formula.
    Clause 74 creates an overriding framework for computing capital gains on depreciable asset blocks: if consideration from transfer exceeds transfer expenses plus the block's written down value at the year's start and additions during the year, the excess is treated as short term capital gains; on complete cessation of a block, acquisition cost is the opening written down value adjusted for acquisitions and resulting income is treated as short term capital gains.
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    Cost of acquisition rules designate deemed cost for non purchase transfers, preserving prior owner's cost with specified formulas.
    Clause 73 prescribes the deemed cost of acquisition for assets received by gift, will, inheritance or similar transfers as the cost incurred by the previous owner, adjusted for improvements; it prescribes fair market value for assets declared under the Income Declaration Scheme and specific formulae for units in mutual funds, business trusts and segregated portfolios, and ties cost continuity to original assets in corporate reorganisations.
    Act RulesBills
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    Mode of computation of capital gains: updated indexation, tightened deductible items, and rules for business trusts and non-residents.
    Clause 72 updates the mode of computation of capital gains by retaining deductions for expenditure and cost of acquisition or improvement while specifying a Cost Inflation Index tied to the Consumer Price Index (urban) for indexation. It expressly disallows certain interest payments and securities transaction tax, sets out reduction rules for cost of acquisition involving business trusts and specified entities, and provides detailed computation rules for non-residents addressing foreign currency and rupee appreciation, alongside definitions for indexed cost concepts.
    Act RulesBills
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    Withdrawal of exemption: non compliance with transfer conditions triggers taxation of capital gains and successor liability.
    Clause 71 requires withdrawal of exemption and taxation of capital gains when a transferee converts a capital asset into stock in trade or when shareholding continuity of a parent/holding company in a subsidiary is broken within the prescribed period, and it makes successor entities or shareholders liable where specified conditions are not met, aligning functionally with the triggers and successor liability mechanisms in Section 47A of the Income tax Act.
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    Capital gains exemptions for specified restructurings preserve tax neutrality and facilitate cross-border and corporate reorganisations.
    Clause 70 of the Income Tax Bill, 2025 designates specified classes of transactions as not regarded as transfer for capital gains purposes, exempting partitions of Hindu undivided families, transfers by will, gift or irrevocable trust, transfers between parent and subsidiary companies, amalgamations and demergers (including foreign company reorganisations), conversions and exchanges of securities, securities lending, reverse mortgage arrangements, mutual fund consolidations, transfers involving art and cultural institutions, and succession of business entities, thereby aligning with and expanding the scope of existing non-transfer provisions in Section 47 of the 1961 Act.
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    Capital gains on share buy backs: updated rules tax the gain, deem certain consideration nil, and align definitions with corporate law.
    Clause 69 taxes the difference between acquisition cost and consideration on company repurchase of its own shares or specified securities, prescribes that certain forms of consideration under clause 2(40)(f) are deemed nil for tax purposes, and adopts the Companies Act definition of specified securities, thereby aligning tax treatment with current corporate law and updating statutory cross references.
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    Capital gains on liquidation distributions: shareholders taxed on market value gains with dividend adjustment applied.
    Distributions of assets on company liquidation are not treated as transfers by the company; shareholders receiving money or assets are taxable under Capital gains, with gain measured by the market value of assets received less any part assessed as dividend, and that net amount deemed the full value of consideration for capital gains computation. Clause 68 parallels Section 46 in substance but changes the statutory cross reference used for calculation mechanics.
    Act RulesBills
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    Capital gains modernization clarifies valuation and timing for taxation, including insurance recoveries and conversions to stock in trade.
    Clause 67 retains the principle that gains from transfer of capital assets are taxable in the year of transfer and refines valuation and timing for specified situations: insurance recoveries are treated as capital gains with fair market value deemed as full consideration; unit linked insurance receipts are aligned with capital gains rules where exemptions do not apply; conversion to stock in trade uses fair market value at conversion as consideration and taxes gains when sold; beneficial interests in securities are attributed to the beneficial owner with FIFO cost and holding period rules.
    Act RulesBills
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    Tax deductions in co operative bank reorganisations: allocation rules and book value transfers ensure continuity and fairness in taxation.
    Clause 65 and Section 44DB set a special provision for computing tax deductions in co operative bank reorganisations by allocating deductions between predecessor and successor based on days before and after reorganisation, requiring transfers at book values, defining covered reorganisations by asset/liability transfer and continuity criteria, and providing for Central Government notification in specified cases to ensure genuine business purposes.
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    High-turnover businesses must provide prescribed electronic payment facilities to increase transaction traceability and tax transparency.
    Clauses 64 and 187 of the Income Tax Bill, 2025 require persons carrying on business above the prescribed turnover threshold to provide facilities for accepting payments through prescribed electronic modes, in addition to any other electronic methods offered. These clauses parallel Section 269SU of the Income Tax Act, 1961, aiming to promote digital transactions, enhance traceability, and reduce tax evasion by imposing infrastructure and compliance obligations on high-turnover businesses.
    Act RulesBills
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    Tax audit thresholds updated to emphasise digital transactions, altering audit triggers and filing timing for taxpayers.
    Clause 63 updates mandatory tax audit triggers by revising turnover and receipt thresholds and by making the intensity of banking or online transactions decisive for higher audit thresholds; it maintains an audit requirement for professionals, preserves exemptions where declared profits align with deemed profit provisions, requires audit reports signed by an accountant and filed by the defined specified date, and allows reliance on audits under other laws if submitted on time.
    Act RulesBills
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    Maintenance of books of account: updated thresholds and technological recordkeeping govern taxpayer record obligations for income verification.
    Clause 62 modernizes maintenance of books of account by applying to specified professions and notified persons, updating income and turnover thresholds (with special treatment for individuals and HUFs), defining specified professions broadly, and empowering the Board to prescribe the types, form, manner and retention periods of records while encouraging technological methods of record-keeping to facilitate income verification and tax administration.
    Act RulesBills
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    Presumptive taxation for non-residents fixes sectoral deemed profit rates and permits audit-based lower profit declaration.
    Clause 61 establishes a special presumptive computation regime for specified non-resident business activities-shipping (including demurrage), cruise ships, aircraft operation, turnkey power project construction, mineral-oil services, and specified electronics services-by prescribing sectoral deemed profit rates as the taxable base, permitting non-residents to elect audit-based lower declared profits if they maintain detailed books and undergo audit, and restricting allowance of losses, deductions, and depreciation against the presumptively computed income.
    Act RulesBills
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    Head office expenditure deductions limited by an adjusted total income cap, simplifying cross-border allocation and documentation requirements.
    Clause 60 permits deduction of administrative costs incurred by non-resident head offices against profits and gains of business or profession, subject to a capped proportion of adjusted total income (or its average when losses occur) and to specified definitions of head office expenditure, thereby standardizing computation and limiting disproportionate reductions in taxable income.
    Act RulesBills
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    Taxation of royalties and technical service fees: non resident receipts taxed as business profits if effectively connected to a permanent establishment.
    Clause 59 charges royalties and fees for technical services received by non residents as Profits and gains of business or profession when receipts from the Government or an Indian concern arise under an agreement, the assessee carries on business in India through a permanent establishment or fixed place of profession, and the rights, property or contract are effectively connected with that presence; deductions are limited to expenses wholly and exclusively for the Indian establishment and books of account and audit are required.
    Act RulesBills
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    Presumptive taxation for goods carriages simplifies reporting for small fleet owners while limiting deductions and requiring records.
    Clause 58 establishes a presumptive basis for computing profits from plying, hiring or leasing goods carriages by applying prescribed per-vehicle rates, permitting declaration of higher actual income, allowing specified partner salary and interest deductions for firms, requiring books and audit where declared income is lower than the presumptive amount, disallowing other deductions against presumptive income, and treating written down value as if depreciation were claimed and allowed.
    Act RulesBills
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    Presumptive taxation for professionals deems a portion of gross receipts as taxable income, simplifying compliance but restricting deductions.
    Clause 58 institutes a presumptive taxation scheme for specified resident professionals, prescribing turnover-based eligibility and deeming taxable income at a fixed proportion of gross receipts or actual profit, whichever is higher. Eligible taxpayers are generally relieved from routine accounting and audit obligations, but must maintain books and undergo audit if they claim profits lower than the presumptive amount. Deductions or losses are not permitted against the presumptive income, and depreciation is to be treated as if claimed and allowed. Certain entity types are excluded from the scheme.
    Act RulesBills
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    Presumptive taxation scheme differentiates rates by transaction mode and imposes a five-year lock-in to simplify compliance.
    Clause 58 permits computation of presumptive income for eligible small businesses and professions with turnover-based eligibility, distinguishes presumptive rates by mode of receipt, allows actual profit to be claimed if higher, mandates books and audit where actual profits are lower and total income exceeds the basic exemption, and imposes a five-year lock-in for continued application of the scheme.
    Act RulesBills
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    Revenue recognition requires percentage-of-completion for construction and service contracts, with completion or straight-line service options.
    Clause 57 mandates the percentage of completion method for construction and service contracts, with a project completion alternative for short-term services and a straight-line option for recurring service arrangements. Contract revenue includes retention money, and contract costs must not be reduced by incidental income such as interest, dividends, or capital gains. The provision references notified accounting standards and aims to align revenue recognition with international practices while imposing compliance and disclosure obligations.

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      AMENDMENTS IN THE CGST ACT, 2017 - FINANCE (No.2) BILL, 2019

      5 July, 2019

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      AMENDMENTS IN THE CGST ACT, 2017:

      S. No.

      Amendment

      Clause of the Finance (No.2) Bill, 2019

      1

      The definition of “adjudicating authority” in clause (4) of section 2 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to exclude “the National Appellate Authority for Advance Ruling” (which is being created by various amendments in Chapter XVII of the CGST Act) from the definition of “adjudicating authority”.

      [91]

      2

      A new sub-section is being inserted in section 10 of the CGST Act to bring in an alternative composition scheme for supplier of services or  mixed suppliers (not eligible for the earlier composition scheme) having an annual turnover in preceding financial year upto ₹ 50 lakhs. Further, explanation is being added to section 10 to clarify that:

       

      i.

      for computing the aggregate turnover to determine eligibility for the composition scheme, value of exempt supplies services provided by way of extending deposits, loans or advances in so far as the consideration is represented by way of interest or discount shall not be taken into account; and

       

      ii.

      for determining the value of turnover in a State or Union territory to calculate tax payable, value of exempt supplies of services provided by way of extending deposits, loans or advances in so far as the consideration is represented by way of interest or discount; and value of the first supplies from 1st of April till the date when the taxpayer becomes liable for registration shall not be taken into account.

      [92]

      3

      A proviso and an explanation is being inserted in section 22 of the CGST Act so as to provide for higher threshold exemption limit from ₹ 20 lakhs to such amount not exceeding ₹ 40 lakhs in case of supplier who is engaged in exclusive supply of goods. 

      [93]

      4

      New sub-sections are being inserted in section 25 of the CGST Act to make Aadhaar authentication mandatory for specified class of new taxpayers and to prescribe the manner in which certain class of registered taxpayers are required to undergo Aadhaar authentication.

      [94]

      5

      A new section 31A is being inserted in the CGST Act so that specified suppliers shall have to mandatorily give the option of specified modes of electronic payment to their recipients.

      [95]

      6

      Section 39 of the CGST Act  is being amended so as to allow the composition taxpayers to furnish annual return along with quarterly payment of taxes; and other specified taxpayers may be given the option for quarterly or monthly furnishing of returns and payment of taxes under the proposed new return system.

      [96]

      7

      New provisos are being inserted in sub-section (1) of section 44 of the CGST Act so as to empower the Commissioner to extend the due date for furnishing Annual return (prescribed FORM GSTR-9/9A) and reconciliation statement (prescribed  FORM GSTR-9C).

      [97]

      8

      New sub-sections are being inserted in section 49 of the CGST Act to provide a facility to the registered person to transfer an amount from one (major or minor) head to another (major or minor) head in the electronic cash ledger.

      [98]

      9

      New proviso in sub-sections (1) is being inserted in section 50 of the CGST Act so as to provide for charging  interest only on the net cash tax liability, except in those cases where returns are filed subsequent to initiation of any proceedings under section 73 or 74 of the CGST Act.

      [99]

      10

      New provisos are being inserted in sub-sections (4) and (5) of section 52 of the CGST Act so as to empower the Commissioner to extend the due date for furnishing of monthly and annual statement by the person collecting tax at source.

      [100]

      11

      A new section 53A is being inserted in the CGST Act so as to   provide for transfer of amount between Centre and States consequential to amendment in section 49 of the CGST Act allowing transfer of an amount from one head to another head in the electronic cash ledger of the registered person .

      [101]

      12

      New sub-section (8A) is being inserted in section 54 of the CGST Act so as to provide that the Central Government may disburse refund amount to the taxpayers in respect of refund of State taxes as well.

      [102]

      13

      New clause (f) is being inserted in section 95 of the CGST Act to define the “National Appellate Authority for Advance Ruling”.

      [103]

      14

      New sections 101A, 101B and 101C are being inserted in the CGST Act so as to provide for constitution, qualification, appointment, tenure, conditions of services of the National Appellate Authority for Advance Ruling; to provide for procedures to be followed for hearing appeals against conflicting advance rulings pronounced on the same question by the Appellate Authorities of two or more States or Union territories in case of distinct persons; and to provide that the National Appellate Authority shall pass order within a period of ninety days from the date of filing of the appeal respectively.

      [104]

      15

      Section 102 of  the CGST Act is being amended so as to allow the National Appellate Authority to amend any order passed by it so as to rectify any error apparent on the face of the record, within a period of six months from the date of the order, except under certain specified circumstances.

      [105]

      16

      Section 103 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to provide that the advance ruling pronounced by the National Appellate Authority shall be binding, unless there is a change in law or facts, on the applicants, being distinct person and all registered persons having the same Permanent Account Number and on the concerned officers or the jurisdictional officers in respect of the said applicants and the registered persons having the same Permanent Account Number. 

      [106]

      17

      Section 104 of  the CGST Act is being amended so as to provide that advance ruling pronounced by the National Appellate Authority shall be void where the ruling has been obtained by fraud or suppression of material facts or misrepresentation of facts.

      [107]

      18

      Section 105 of  the CGST Act is being amended so as to provide that the National Appellate Authority shall have all the powers of a civil court under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 for the purpose of exercising its powers under the Act.

      [108]

      19

      Section 106 of  the CGST Act is being amended so as to provide that the National Appellate Authority shall have power to regulate its own procedure.

      [109]

      20

      Consequent to the amendments in section 44 and section 52 of the CGST Act, section 168 is being amended so as to specify that in respect of sub-section (1) of section 44 and subsections (4) and (5) of section 52, Commissioner or Joint Secretary shall exercise the powers specified in the said sections with the approval of the Board.

      [110]

      21

      Section 171 of  the CGST Act is being amended so as to empower the National Anti-profiteering Authority (under sub-section (2) of section 171 of the Act) to impose penalty equivalent to 10% of the profiteered amount.

      [111]

       

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      ActsIncome Tax