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    Determination of tax liability which no tax is payable under the provisions of the Act : Clause 190 ...
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    Act RulesBills
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    Determination of tax where exempt income is included: deduction at the average tax rate neutralises tax on non chargeable income.
    Clause 190 provides that where total income includes income on which no income-tax is payable, the assessee is entitled to a deduction from the tax chargeable equal to the tax computed at the average rate of income-tax on that non-taxable amount; the average rate is derived by dividing total tax by total income and applying that rate to the exempt portion to neutralise any tax attributable to non-chargeable income.
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    General Anti Avoidance Rule expansion: new accommodating party concept widens GAAR reach and tightens tax planning scrutiny.
    Clause 184 of the Income Tax Bill, 2025 largely carries forward Section 102's wide definitions for GAAR-covering arrangement, asset, benefit, connected person, fund, party, step, and tax benefit-while introducing an accommodating party concept to capture third party facilitators, updating cross references and terminology (e.g., "tax year"), and explicitly including permanent establishments and treaty arrangements to strengthen anti avoidance coverage.
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    General Anti-Avoidance Rule expanded to permit concurrent or substitutive application, increasing substance-over-form scrutiny.
    Clause 183 expands the statutory reach of the General Anti-Avoidance Rule (GAAR) by expressly permitting GAAR to apply "in addition to, or in lieu of" any other basis for determination of tax liability, while maintaining application "as per such guidelines and subject to such conditions, as prescribed." The clause enables authorities to apply a substance-over-form approach, allowing concurrent or exclusive use of GAAR alongside specific anti-avoidance or substantive provisions, and thereby alters the relationship between GAAR and SAARs previously left ambiguous under Section 101.
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    General Anti Avoidance Rule: clause makes GAAR an overriding tool but conditions its use on prescribed procedural guidelines.
    Clause 183 preserves GAAR's authority to apply "in addition to, or in lieu of" other bases for tax determination, enabling recharacterisation of arrangements based on substantive economic realities. It uniquely conditions GAAR's exercise on "guidelines and...conditions, as prescribed," thereby mandating subordinate guidance to define thresholds, approval processes, taxpayer rights, documentation and timelines, with the intent of reducing arbitrariness and enhancing predictability compared with the earlier framework.
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    General Anti-Avoidance Rule: Treat connected and accommodating parties as one, enabling look-through of corporate structures.
    Clause 182 authorises treating connected persons as one, disregarding an accommodating party, treating an accommodating party and another party as the same person, and looking through corporate structures to determine whether a tax benefit exists, thereby enabling recharacterisation of arrangements that lack commercial substance and are designed to secure tax advantages.
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    General Anti Avoidance Rule: broad authority to recharacterise and deny tax benefits where arrangements lack commercial substance.
    Clause 181 empowers tax authorities to neutralise tax benefits from arrangements lacking commercial substance by denying benefits (including treaty benefits) and imposing a range of consequences: disregarding or recharacterising steps or whole arrangements; treating arrangements as not entered into; treating accommodating or connected parties as one; reallocating tax attributes; recharacterising residence or situs; and looking through corporate structures. Clause 181(3) authorises reclassification of equity/debt and capital/revenue character. Rule 10UA limits consequences to the impermissible part of an arrangement, providing proportionality.
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    Commercial substance test: disregard arrangements whose economic effect differs from form, focusing on round-trips and artificial parties.
    An arrangement may be disregarded for tax purposes if it lacks commercial substance, determined by whether the overall economic effect differs materially from its formal steps; key indicators include round-trip financing, an accommodating party, offsetting elements, disguised transactions, relocations made for tax benefit, and arrangements that do not materially affect business risks or cash flows independent of tax. Certain factors-duration, taxes paid, or an exit route-are not alone sufficient to establish substance, and the Bill omits a prior explicit definition of accommodating party, potentially creating interpretive uncertainty.
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    GAAR main purpose test targets arrangements primarily motivated by tax benefit, with procedural safeguards for invocation.
    Clause 179 defines an impermissible avoidance arrangement under GAAR as one whose main purpose is obtaining a tax benefit and which meets at least one of four tainting conditions: arm's length departure, misuse or abuse of law, lack of commercial substance, or non bona fide means; it creates a rebuttable presumption placing the burden on the taxpayer for impugned steps and is operationalized through Rule 10UB's pre reference notice, Commissioner review, and Approving Panel safeguards.
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    General Anti-Avoidance Rule: empowers authorities to disregard abusive arrangements and recharacterise tax consequences subject to safeguards.
    Clause 178 codifies GAAR with an overriding non-obstante effect, enabling authorities to declare an arrangement an "impermissible avoidance arrangement" and determine tax consequences, applying to whole arrangements or any step or part, based on tests of commercial substance and main purpose, while procedural safeguards-notice, hearing, and an approving panel-are prescribed to temper broad remedial powers.
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    Interest deduction limitation restricts deductible interest to a fixed EBITDA ratio with carryforward relief and specified carve-outs.
    Limitation on deductible interest in cross border related party financing restricts interest deductions where interest paid or payable by Indian entities to non resident associated enterprises is treated as excess interest, capped by a fixed ratio of the borrower's EBITDA and by interest payable to associated enterprises; disallowed amounts are carry forwardable subject to the same ratio, a deeming rule treats economically supported third party loans as associated enterprise debt, and specified carve outs apply to regulated financial entities and bona fide IFSC Finance Companies under operational rules.
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    Transactions with non-cooperative jurisdictions: treated as international transactions, triggering transfer pricing scrutiny and denial of deductions.
    Clause 176 creates a regime for transactions with persons in notified jurisdictional areas: government notification power; deeming parties as associated enterprises and transactions as international transactions for transfer pricing; disallowance of deductions absent prescribed authorisation and documentation; deeming unexplained receipts as assessable income; and mandatory higher withholding on payments to NJA persons, with broad definitions and anticipated procedural rules similar to Rule 21AC.
    Act RulesBills
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    Anti-avoidance in securities transactions deems income to the economic owner to prevent dividend and bonus stripping abuse.
    Clause 175 establishes a deeming regime that treats dividends and interest received by an interposed holder as the income of the original economic owner where securities are transferred and subsequently reacquired, limits taxpayer liability where similar securities are acquired, apportions income for partial-year beneficial interest holders, provides exceptions if the taxpayer proves absence of avoidance, disallows losses from dividend and bonus stripping within prescribed acquisition and disposal windows, and treats disallowed bonus-related losses as cost adjustments for retained units.
    Act RulesBills
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    Deeming of income transferred to non-residents prevents tax avoidance by treating economic beneficiaries as taxable residents.
    Clause 174 applies where a transfer of assets, before or after commencement, results in income payable to a non-resident, and where the transfer alone or with associated operations confers on any person rights that give the power to enjoy that income. Such income is deemed to be that person's income for all purposes; related capital sums are treated to prevent disguise as non-taxable receipts. Exceptions exist for bona fide commercial transactions, with the taxpayer bearing the burden to satisfy the assessing authority.
    Act RulesBills
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    Arm's length price principle reaffirmed and clarified in revised transfer pricing definitions, with expanded enterprise and transaction scope.
    Clause 173 of the Income Tax Bill, 2025 restates and refines transfer pricing definitions: arm's length price as the benchmark between independent parties in uncontrolled conditions; an expansive definition of "enterprise" covering goods, IP, services, contracts, investments and securities (directly or via units/subsidiaries); "permanent establishment" as a fixed place of business; and "transaction" to include informal or non enforceable arrangements. The clause updates the "specified date" cross reference to the Bill's return filing provision and adopts more itemised drafting while maintaining substantive continuity with Section 92F.
    Act RulesBills
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    Accountant's report requirement: certified transfer pricing reporting mandated for international and specified domestic transactions, with prescribed form and timing.
    Clause 172 requires every person entering into an international or specified domestic transaction in a tax year to obtain and furnish, by the specified date, a report from an accountant in the prescribed form, signed and verified as prescribed, setting forth such particulars as may be prescribed; the clause makes the obligation statutory, preserves applicability across taxpayer categories, and defers procedural form, verification and timing details to subordinate legislation while maintaining continuity with the existing reporting mechanics.
    Act RulesBills
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    Transfer pricing documentation: contemporaneous records required and rapid furnishing on demand to enhance transparency and enforcement.
    Clause 171 mandates maintenance and furnishing of prescribed transfer pricing documentation by persons entering into international or specified domestic transactions and by constituent entities of international groups, while delegating the specific content, retention periods, thresholds and filing procedures to rules. It enshrines a ten day furnishing requirement with possible extension, cross references definitions to the Bill's reporting provisions, and anticipates master file, local file and country by country reporting formats, thereby consolidating and modernising existing documentary obligations.
    Act RulesBills
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    Secondary adjustment: statutory deemed advance and repatriation rule with alternative option to pay additional tax in lieu of interest.
    Clause 170 mandates secondary adjustment where a primary transfer pricing adjustment of a prescribed monetary threshold increases income or reduces loss and excess money is not repatriated within the prescribed time; unrepatriated excess is deemed an advance to any non-resident associated enterprise and attracts notional interest computed as prescribed, with an alternative statutory option to pay an additional income-tax that is final and bars further credit or deduction.
    Act RulesBills
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    Advance Pricing Agreement application: modified returns must align tax assessments with agreed transfer pricing terms and timelines.
    The statutory mechanism requires taxpayers to furnish a modified return limited to APA-impacted items within a prescribed post-agreement period, treats that filing as a return for assessment purposes, and directs assessing officers to modify completed assessments or complete pending proceedings in accordance with the APA; designated limitation and deeming provisions clarify timelines and the status of proceedings to ensure retrospective yet circumscribed implementation of the APA.
    Act RulesBills
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    Advance pricing agreements secure pre determination of arm's length pricing to enhance transfer pricing certainty and reduce disputes.
    Clause 168 preserves the APA framework by empowering the Board, with Central Government approval, to determine the arm's length price or manner of attributing income to India for international transactions; to specify statutory and rule based methods (with adjustments); to make APAs prevail over general transfer pricing provisions; to bind both taxpayers and tax authorities for covered transactions; to permit rollback for prior years; and to declare APAs void ab initio for fraud or misrepresentation, with corresponding limitation period consequences and scheme making authority for procedural rules.
    Act RulesBills
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    Safe harbour rules mandate acceptance of declared transfer prices and deemed income, delivering taxpayer certainty while limiting administrative discretion.
    Clause 167 empowers the Board to prescribe safe harbour rules under which income-tax authorities shall accept the transfer price or deemed income declared by the assessee for transactions falling within section 9(2) and arm's length price provisions, creating a statutory presumption that reduces administrative discretion and dependency on detailed rule-making to specify eligibility, thresholds, documentation, and procedural requirements.

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      AMENDMENTS IN THE CGST ACT, 2017 - FINANCE (No.2) BILL, 2019

      5 July, 2019

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      AMENDMENTS IN THE CGST ACT, 2017:

      S. No.

      Amendment

      Clause of the Finance (No.2) Bill, 2019

      1

      The definition of “adjudicating authority” in clause (4) of section 2 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to exclude “the National Appellate Authority for Advance Ruling” (which is being created by various amendments in Chapter XVII of the CGST Act) from the definition of “adjudicating authority”.

      [91]

      2

      A new sub-section is being inserted in section 10 of the CGST Act to bring in an alternative composition scheme for supplier of services or  mixed suppliers (not eligible for the earlier composition scheme) having an annual turnover in preceding financial year upto ₹ 50 lakhs. Further, explanation is being added to section 10 to clarify that:

       

      i.

      for computing the aggregate turnover to determine eligibility for the composition scheme, value of exempt supplies services provided by way of extending deposits, loans or advances in so far as the consideration is represented by way of interest or discount shall not be taken into account; and

       

      ii.

      for determining the value of turnover in a State or Union territory to calculate tax payable, value of exempt supplies of services provided by way of extending deposits, loans or advances in so far as the consideration is represented by way of interest or discount; and value of the first supplies from 1st of April till the date when the taxpayer becomes liable for registration shall not be taken into account.

      [92]

      3

      A proviso and an explanation is being inserted in section 22 of the CGST Act so as to provide for higher threshold exemption limit from ₹ 20 lakhs to such amount not exceeding ₹ 40 lakhs in case of supplier who is engaged in exclusive supply of goods. 

      [93]

      4

      New sub-sections are being inserted in section 25 of the CGST Act to make Aadhaar authentication mandatory for specified class of new taxpayers and to prescribe the manner in which certain class of registered taxpayers are required to undergo Aadhaar authentication.

      [94]

      5

      A new section 31A is being inserted in the CGST Act so that specified suppliers shall have to mandatorily give the option of specified modes of electronic payment to their recipients.

      [95]

      6

      Section 39 of the CGST Act  is being amended so as to allow the composition taxpayers to furnish annual return along with quarterly payment of taxes; and other specified taxpayers may be given the option for quarterly or monthly furnishing of returns and payment of taxes under the proposed new return system.

      [96]

      7

      New provisos are being inserted in sub-section (1) of section 44 of the CGST Act so as to empower the Commissioner to extend the due date for furnishing Annual return (prescribed FORM GSTR-9/9A) and reconciliation statement (prescribed  FORM GSTR-9C).

      [97]

      8

      New sub-sections are being inserted in section 49 of the CGST Act to provide a facility to the registered person to transfer an amount from one (major or minor) head to another (major or minor) head in the electronic cash ledger.

      [98]

      9

      New proviso in sub-sections (1) is being inserted in section 50 of the CGST Act so as to provide for charging  interest only on the net cash tax liability, except in those cases where returns are filed subsequent to initiation of any proceedings under section 73 or 74 of the CGST Act.

      [99]

      10

      New provisos are being inserted in sub-sections (4) and (5) of section 52 of the CGST Act so as to empower the Commissioner to extend the due date for furnishing of monthly and annual statement by the person collecting tax at source.

      [100]

      11

      A new section 53A is being inserted in the CGST Act so as to   provide for transfer of amount between Centre and States consequential to amendment in section 49 of the CGST Act allowing transfer of an amount from one head to another head in the electronic cash ledger of the registered person .

      [101]

      12

      New sub-section (8A) is being inserted in section 54 of the CGST Act so as to provide that the Central Government may disburse refund amount to the taxpayers in respect of refund of State taxes as well.

      [102]

      13

      New clause (f) is being inserted in section 95 of the CGST Act to define the “National Appellate Authority for Advance Ruling”.

      [103]

      14

      New sections 101A, 101B and 101C are being inserted in the CGST Act so as to provide for constitution, qualification, appointment, tenure, conditions of services of the National Appellate Authority for Advance Ruling; to provide for procedures to be followed for hearing appeals against conflicting advance rulings pronounced on the same question by the Appellate Authorities of two or more States or Union territories in case of distinct persons; and to provide that the National Appellate Authority shall pass order within a period of ninety days from the date of filing of the appeal respectively.

      [104]

      15

      Section 102 of  the CGST Act is being amended so as to allow the National Appellate Authority to amend any order passed by it so as to rectify any error apparent on the face of the record, within a period of six months from the date of the order, except under certain specified circumstances.

      [105]

      16

      Section 103 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to provide that the advance ruling pronounced by the National Appellate Authority shall be binding, unless there is a change in law or facts, on the applicants, being distinct person and all registered persons having the same Permanent Account Number and on the concerned officers or the jurisdictional officers in respect of the said applicants and the registered persons having the same Permanent Account Number. 

      [106]

      17

      Section 104 of  the CGST Act is being amended so as to provide that advance ruling pronounced by the National Appellate Authority shall be void where the ruling has been obtained by fraud or suppression of material facts or misrepresentation of facts.

      [107]

      18

      Section 105 of  the CGST Act is being amended so as to provide that the National Appellate Authority shall have all the powers of a civil court under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 for the purpose of exercising its powers under the Act.

      [108]

      19

      Section 106 of  the CGST Act is being amended so as to provide that the National Appellate Authority shall have power to regulate its own procedure.

      [109]

      20

      Consequent to the amendments in section 44 and section 52 of the CGST Act, section 168 is being amended so as to specify that in respect of sub-section (1) of section 44 and subsections (4) and (5) of section 52, Commissioner or Joint Secretary shall exercise the powers specified in the said sections with the approval of the Board.

      [110]

      21

      Section 171 of  the CGST Act is being amended so as to empower the National Anti-profiteering Authority (under sub-section (2) of section 171 of the Act) to impose penalty equivalent to 10% of the profiteered amount.

      [111]

       

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      ActsIncome Tax