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    competitive taxation structure for shipping companies : Clause 228(14) and (15) of the Income Tax Bi...
    Simplified and concessionary method of taxation based on the net tonnage of qualifying ships, rather...
    computation of tonnage income where ships are jointly operated or where multiple companies are invol...
    Computation of Taxable income of the shipping companies based on Tonnage: Clause 227(1)-(6) of the I...
    Comprehensive Review of the Tonnage Tax Scheme : Clause 226(7) of the Income Tax Bill, 2025 Vs. Sect...
    Presumptive Taxation for Shipping Companies : Clause 226(2)-(6) of the Income Tax Bill, 2025 and Sec...
    Examination of "Qualifying Ship" : Clause 235(i) of the Income Tax Bill, 2025 Vs. Section 115VD of t...
    Defining the Qualifying Company under India's Tonnage Tax Regime : Clause 235(h) of the Income Tax B...
    Continuity and Change in India's Tonnage Tax Regime : Clause 226(1) of the Income Tax Bill, 2025 Vs....
    Navigating Special Tax Regimes for Shipping : Clause 225 of the Income Tax Bill, 2025 Vs. Section 11...
    Interpreting Special Provisions for Shipping Companies : Clause 235 of the Income Tax Bill, 2025 Vs....
    Special Tax Regimes for Investment Funds : Clause 224 of Income Tax Bill, 2025 Vs. Section 115UB of ...
    special taxation regime for business trusts such as (REITs)/(InvITs) Clause 223 of the Income Tax Bi...
    Special Provisions Relating to Pass-Through Entities in Venture Capital Structures : Clause 222 of I...
    Enforcement and Recovery of Tax on Accreted Income : Clause 352(8) & (9) of the Income Tax Bill, 202...
    Changing Landscape of Interest on Delayed Payment of Tax on Accreted Income : Clause 352(7) of Incom...
    Reforming the Exit Tax Regime for non-profit organizations (NPOs) or charitable institutions : Claus...
    Comprehensive Review of Taxation, Reporting, and Compliance for Securitisation Trusts : Clause 221 o...
    Definitions, Scope, and Impact on the MAT/AMT Regime : Clause 206(19) of the Income Tax Bill, 2025 V...
    Reducing tax avoidance by curbing the excessive use of deductions and exemptions by corporate and se...
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    Act RulesBills
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    Allocation of shared costs and depreciation: apportionment on reasonable basis and fair proportion affects tonnage tax computations.
    Clause 228(14) requires common costs attributable to the tonnage tax business to be allocated on a reasonable basis, with taxpayers maintaining records to support apportionment. Clause 228(15) requires depreciation for assets other than qualifying ships to be apportioned on a fair proportion determined by the Assessing Officer with reference to actual use. Both provisions mirror Section 115VJ, vesting discretion in the AO and preserving the objective of preventing tax arbitrage while increasing documentation and compliance burdens.
    Act RulesBills
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    Tonnage tax regime: clarifies qualifying shipping income, market value inter company valuation, and related party anti avoidance adjustments.
    Tonnage tax applies to qualifying shipping income measured by net tonnage, defined as profits from specified core shipping activities and prescribed incidental activities; incidental income above a prescribed threshold is excluded. Inter business transfers must be computed at market value, with assessing officer power to use reasonable bases in exceptional cases. Related party arrangements producing more than ordinary profits may be adjusted to reasonable levels. The Central Government may exclude activities or set limits by notification subject to parliamentary laying. Losses in tonnage computation are ignored.
    Act RulesBills
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    Allocation of tonnage income: proportional or independent computation affects tax treatment of jointly operated qualifying ships.
    Computation of tonnage income for jointly operated qualifying ships follows a two-step approach: where participating companies' shares are definite and ascertainable, income is allocated proportionately to each company; where shares are not definite and ascertainable, tonnage income for each operator is computed as if it were the sole operator. The rule aligns taxation with economic interest, creates documentary and compliance incentives, functions as an anti-avoidance measure, and may interact with cross-border tax rules, requiring clearer guidance on "definite and ascertainable" shares and documentation standards.
    Act RulesBills
    Show AI Summary
    Tonnage tax regime: ships' taxable income computed by daily tonnage rates and aggregation, excluding deductions.
    Clause 227(1)-(6) prescribes a ship wise tonnage tax: each qualifying ship's tonnage income equals its daily tonnage income multiplied by qualifying days, with daily rates set by a four tier slab linked to certified net tonnage. Tonnage includes certified physical tonnage and prescribed deemed tonnage for slot and sharing arrangements, rounded to the nearest hundred tons. A non obstante clause bars any deductions or set offs, making the computed tonnage income the exclusive tax base under the Part.
    Act RulesBills
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    Tonnage tax scheme: deemed tonnage income treated as business profits, excluding actual shipping income under eligibility conditions.
    Clause 226(7) mandates that tonnage income be computed under a separate formulaic provision and be deemed to be the profits chargeable under business income, while expressly excluding the actual "relevant shipping income" from tax once the tonnage computation applies; these effects are conditional on compliance with the Part's eligibility, option, separation, and record keeping requirements.
    Act RulesBills
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    Tonnage tax scheme: elective presumptive taxation for shipping income, requiring separate accounting and exclusive computation under qualifying criteria.
    The tonnage tax scheme is an elective presumptive regime requiring eligible companies operating qualifying ships to compute profits from that business exclusively under the tonnage basis; the tonnage tax business is treated as a separate business with independent computation and accounting, and companies not opting or ineligible must compute shipping profits under the normal provisions of the Act.
    Act RulesBills
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    Qualifying ship definition governs tonnage tax eligibility by tying registration, certification, and operational use to tax benefit access.
    The definition of qualifying ship in Clause 235(i) requires three operative conditions for tonnage tax eligibility: a minimum net tonnage, registration under the relevant shipping statute or an authorised foreign licence, and a valid certificate evidencing net tonnage. It lists explicit exclusions-vessels providing services normally provided on land, fishing vessels, factory ships, pleasure crafts, harbour and river ferries, offshore installations-and disqualifies vessels used for fishing beyond a specified threshold in a tax year, anchoring eligibility in maritime regulatory certification and operational use.
    Act RulesBills
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    Place of effective management central to qualifying company status, restricting tonnage tax benefits to genuinely India-managed shipping firms.
    The qualifying company for the tonnage tax regime must satisfy four cumulative conditions: be an Indian company; have its place of effective management in India-defined to include decisions made by executives as well as the board; own at least one qualifying ship; and have its main object as operating ships. Clause 235(h) consolidates these criteria within a broader definitional framework and references updated maritime legislation to clarify eligibility and reduce interpretive disputes.
    Act RulesBills
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    Tonnage tax eligibility defined by operation status: owners and charterers qualify, long term bareboat lessors excluded.
    Clause 226(1) treats a company as operating a ship or inland vessel if it owns or charters a vessel, including partial charters such as slot, space, or joint charters, and excludes companies that have chartered out vessels on bareboat charter or bareboat charter cum demise terms for periods exceeding three years, thereby distinguishing operational risk bearing operators from passive, long term financiers for purposes of the tonnage tax scheme.
    Act RulesBills
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    Tonnage tax regime: option to compute shipping income on a tonnage basis with deeming treatment as business profits.
    Clause 225 creates a self-contained tonnage tax regime for companies operating qualifying ships, allowing an option to compute income under its Part with a deeming provision treating that income as profits and gains of business; key operational questions concern the definition of qualifying ships, the option's exercise and lock-in mechanics, and interaction with loss set-off, allowances, and other tax measures.
    Act RulesBills
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    Tonnage tax definitions: expanded, self-contained eligibility rules broaden coverage and tighten residency and exclusion tests.
    Clause 235 consolidates and expands tonnage tax definitions by explicitly including inland vessels, embedding a detailed qualifying company test requiring Indian residency, ownership of qualifying ships, principal shipping business, and a specified place of effective management; it also defines qualifying ship with tonnage, registration/licensing and certification requirements and enumerated exclusions to prevent abuse.
    Act RulesBills
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    Pass-through taxation preserves investor-level tax treatment of investment fund income while ring-fencing fund-level losses.
    Clause 224 restates a pass-through regime: income from investments in a regulated fund is taxed in the hands of unit holders as if held directly, while business income remains taxable at the fund level. Business losses are ring fenced at the fund; other losses pass through subject to holding period conditions and transitional attribution of legacy losses to unit holders. Income retained by the fund is deemed credited to unit holders at year end and prescribed statements must be furnished to unit holders and tax authorities to secure transparency and enforcement.
    Act RulesBills
    Show AI Summary
    Pass-through taxation for business trusts preserves income character and shifts tax consequences to unit holders with reporting duties.
    The clause establishes a statutory pass-through mechanism under which income distributed by business trusts is deemed to retain its original character and proportion in the hands of unit holders, while subjecting the trust's total income to tax at the maximum marginal rate subject to specified withholding provisions; it also deems certain scheduled categories of distributed income taxable on distribution, carves out specified statutory exceptions, and imposes prescribed reporting obligations on payers to unit holders and tax authorities.
    Act RulesBills
    Show AI Summary
    Pass-through taxation of venture capital income taxes investors as if invested directly, with reporting and deemed-credit safeguards.
    Pass-through taxation requires that income arising to investors from venture capital companies or funds be taxed in the investor's hands as if invested directly, with the fund and payer furnishing prescribed statements to investors and tax authorities; undistributed income is deemed credited to investors at year-end in proportion to entitlement, while income already included on an accrual basis is not taxed again on actual payment; specified investment funds are excluded and key terms are defined in the schedule.
    Act RulesBills
    Show AI Summary
    Tax on accreted income: transferees and officers may be deemed assessees in default, with liability limited to asset value.
    Clause 352(8) deems the specified person (NPO) and its principal officer or trustee to be assessee in default for unpaid tax on accreted income and applies all recovery provisions of the Act; it also deems a transferee of assets in specified dissolution cases to be an assessee in default in respect of such tax. Clause 352(9) limits the transferee's liability to the extent the asset received is capable of meeting the liability, ensuring proportionality in recovery.
    Act RulesBills
    Show AI Summary
    Accreted income interest compels prompt tax payment and creates joint personal liability for trustees and principal officers.
    Clause 352(7) imposes simple interest for delayed payment of tax on accreted income, with joint and several liability on the specified person and the principal officer or trustee; interest is computed monthly (any part-month treated as a full month) using an explicit formula, and liable persons are deemed assessee in default to enable statutory recovery mechanisms.
    Act RulesBills
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    Exit tax on accreted income expands triggers and fixes final levy after prescribed valuation and procedural safeguards.
    A tax on accreted income charges NPOs additional income tax at the maximum marginal rate when specified events occur; accreted income equals aggregate fair market value of assets less total liabilities on a specified date, computed under prescribed valuation methods, with exclusions as prescribed. The Assessing Officer must afford a hearing before ordering tax, the bill sets a detailed table of triggering events and payment timelines, and the tax payment is final with no further credit or deduction allowed.
    Act RulesBills
    Show AI Summary
    Pass-through taxation for securitisation trust income preserves investor-level taxation while mandating reporting and deemed-accrual rules.
    Clause 221 establishes a pass-through taxation regime for income from securitisation trusts, preserving the character and proportion of underlying income in the hands of investors, deeming unpaid accruals as credited on the last day of the tax year to prevent deferral, requiring prescribed statements to investors and tax authorities, and preventing double taxation by excluding income already taxed on accrual from subsequent inclusion on actual payment.
    Act RulesBills
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    Minimum alternate tax definitions shape MAT/AMT computation and Ind AS transition treatment, narrowing tax arbitrage opportunities.
    Clause 206(19) supplies granular definitions aligning MAT/AMT computation with Ind AS convergence, insolvency law and cross statutory terms. Key terms include adjudicating authority (IBC), convergence date, transition amount with specified exclusions, net worth, company classifications, securities, tribunal, unit (IFSC) and year of convergence. These definitions phase in Ind AS transition impacts, harmonize tax and insolvency treatment, clarify eligibility for concessional AMT rates, and reduce tax arbitrage and interpretive disputes compared with the narrower definitions in Section 115JF.
    Act RulesBills
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    Minimum alternate tax exclusions: narrow MAT/AMT to specified taxpayers including life insurers, alternative regime opters, presumptive and small taxpayers.
    Clause 206(18) narrows MAT/AMT applicability by exempting companies with life insurance income, taxpayers who opt for specified alternative tax regimes, persons taxed under special or presumptive computation sections, specified funds identified in the Schedule, and non corporate persons whose adjusted total income falls below the statutory threshold; the exclusions reflect sectoral accounting differences, aim to promote concessional regimes and financial competitiveness, and reduce compliance burdens while requiring clear definitions and anti abuse safeguards.

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      AMENDMENTS IN THE CGST ACT, 2017 - FINANCE (No.2) BILL, 2019

      5 July, 2019

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      AMENDMENTS IN THE CGST ACT, 2017:

      S. No.

      Amendment

      Clause of the Finance (No.2) Bill, 2019

      1

      The definition of “adjudicating authority” in clause (4) of section 2 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to exclude “the National Appellate Authority for Advance Ruling” (which is being created by various amendments in Chapter XVII of the CGST Act) from the definition of “adjudicating authority”.

      [91]

      2

      A new sub-section is being inserted in section 10 of the CGST Act to bring in an alternative composition scheme for supplier of services or  mixed suppliers (not eligible for the earlier composition scheme) having an annual turnover in preceding financial year upto ₹ 50 lakhs. Further, explanation is being added to section 10 to clarify that:

       

      i.

      for computing the aggregate turnover to determine eligibility for the composition scheme, value of exempt supplies services provided by way of extending deposits, loans or advances in so far as the consideration is represented by way of interest or discount shall not be taken into account; and

       

      ii.

      for determining the value of turnover in a State or Union territory to calculate tax payable, value of exempt supplies of services provided by way of extending deposits, loans or advances in so far as the consideration is represented by way of interest or discount; and value of the first supplies from 1st of April till the date when the taxpayer becomes liable for registration shall not be taken into account.

      [92]

      3

      A proviso and an explanation is being inserted in section 22 of the CGST Act so as to provide for higher threshold exemption limit from ₹ 20 lakhs to such amount not exceeding ₹ 40 lakhs in case of supplier who is engaged in exclusive supply of goods. 

      [93]

      4

      New sub-sections are being inserted in section 25 of the CGST Act to make Aadhaar authentication mandatory for specified class of new taxpayers and to prescribe the manner in which certain class of registered taxpayers are required to undergo Aadhaar authentication.

      [94]

      5

      A new section 31A is being inserted in the CGST Act so that specified suppliers shall have to mandatorily give the option of specified modes of electronic payment to their recipients.

      [95]

      6

      Section 39 of the CGST Act  is being amended so as to allow the composition taxpayers to furnish annual return along with quarterly payment of taxes; and other specified taxpayers may be given the option for quarterly or monthly furnishing of returns and payment of taxes under the proposed new return system.

      [96]

      7

      New provisos are being inserted in sub-section (1) of section 44 of the CGST Act so as to empower the Commissioner to extend the due date for furnishing Annual return (prescribed FORM GSTR-9/9A) and reconciliation statement (prescribed  FORM GSTR-9C).

      [97]

      8

      New sub-sections are being inserted in section 49 of the CGST Act to provide a facility to the registered person to transfer an amount from one (major or minor) head to another (major or minor) head in the electronic cash ledger.

      [98]

      9

      New proviso in sub-sections (1) is being inserted in section 50 of the CGST Act so as to provide for charging  interest only on the net cash tax liability, except in those cases where returns are filed subsequent to initiation of any proceedings under section 73 or 74 of the CGST Act.

      [99]

      10

      New provisos are being inserted in sub-sections (4) and (5) of section 52 of the CGST Act so as to empower the Commissioner to extend the due date for furnishing of monthly and annual statement by the person collecting tax at source.

      [100]

      11

      A new section 53A is being inserted in the CGST Act so as to   provide for transfer of amount between Centre and States consequential to amendment in section 49 of the CGST Act allowing transfer of an amount from one head to another head in the electronic cash ledger of the registered person .

      [101]

      12

      New sub-section (8A) is being inserted in section 54 of the CGST Act so as to provide that the Central Government may disburse refund amount to the taxpayers in respect of refund of State taxes as well.

      [102]

      13

      New clause (f) is being inserted in section 95 of the CGST Act to define the “National Appellate Authority for Advance Ruling”.

      [103]

      14

      New sections 101A, 101B and 101C are being inserted in the CGST Act so as to provide for constitution, qualification, appointment, tenure, conditions of services of the National Appellate Authority for Advance Ruling; to provide for procedures to be followed for hearing appeals against conflicting advance rulings pronounced on the same question by the Appellate Authorities of two or more States or Union territories in case of distinct persons; and to provide that the National Appellate Authority shall pass order within a period of ninety days from the date of filing of the appeal respectively.

      [104]

      15

      Section 102 of  the CGST Act is being amended so as to allow the National Appellate Authority to amend any order passed by it so as to rectify any error apparent on the face of the record, within a period of six months from the date of the order, except under certain specified circumstances.

      [105]

      16

      Section 103 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to provide that the advance ruling pronounced by the National Appellate Authority shall be binding, unless there is a change in law or facts, on the applicants, being distinct person and all registered persons having the same Permanent Account Number and on the concerned officers or the jurisdictional officers in respect of the said applicants and the registered persons having the same Permanent Account Number. 

      [106]

      17

      Section 104 of  the CGST Act is being amended so as to provide that advance ruling pronounced by the National Appellate Authority shall be void where the ruling has been obtained by fraud or suppression of material facts or misrepresentation of facts.

      [107]

      18

      Section 105 of  the CGST Act is being amended so as to provide that the National Appellate Authority shall have all the powers of a civil court under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 for the purpose of exercising its powers under the Act.

      [108]

      19

      Section 106 of  the CGST Act is being amended so as to provide that the National Appellate Authority shall have power to regulate its own procedure.

      [109]

      20

      Consequent to the amendments in section 44 and section 52 of the CGST Act, section 168 is being amended so as to specify that in respect of sub-section (1) of section 44 and subsections (4) and (5) of section 52, Commissioner or Joint Secretary shall exercise the powers specified in the said sections with the approval of the Board.

      [110]

      21

      Section 171 of  the CGST Act is being amended so as to empower the National Anti-profiteering Authority (under sub-section (2) of section 171 of the Act) to impose penalty equivalent to 10% of the profiteered amount.

      [111]

       

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