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    Act RulesIncome Tax
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    Act RulesIncome Tax
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    Significant economic presence expands source taxation, bringing digital interactions and remote services within the domestic tax net.
    Section 9 sets an expansive source taxation rule deeming income to accrue or arise domestically where linked to domestic assets, a business connection (including agents), transfers of capital assets situated domestically, salary earned or payable for services linked to domestic performance, dividends of domestic companies, interest subject to exceptions (including separate taxation of interest of an Indian permanent establishment of a foreign bank), and royalty and technical fees; it introduces significant economic presence tests for digital/user-based connections and leaves key thresholds and valuation mechanics to subordinate rules.
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    Deemed transfer of distributed assets treated as taxable at entity level; fair market value sets consideration and guidelines now open-ended.
    Section 8 treats receipt by a partner or member of capital assets or stock-in-trade from a non-company specified entity on dissolution or reconstitution as a deemed transfer by the entity, with profits or gains taxed at the entity level and the full value of consideration deemed to be the fair market value on the date of receipt; the Board may issue guidelines with prior Central Government approval and parliamentary laying, and the enacted text removes the Bill's two-year sunset on that guideline-making power.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
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    Residence in India: income-linked deeming now captures high-income returning citizens visiting short-term, and POEM defines company residence.
    Section 6 prescribes residence tests combining day-count rules (182-day and 60/365 tests), categorical exceptions for ship crew and visiting citizens/PIOs, an income-linked modification that extends the shorter day-count threshold for higher-income returning citizens, a deeming rule capturing citizens not taxable elsewhere, company residence via Indian status or Place of Effective Management, and a deeming provision that applies residence across all income sources; As Passed drafting clarifies interplay between the visiting exception and income-based modification and contains minor typographical refinements.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
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    Scope of total income: residents taxed broadly with limited foreign income inclusion for not ordinarily resident persons.
    Section 5 sets the scope of total income by applying receipt and accrual tests: residents are taxed on income received or deemed received in India, income accruing or arising or deemed to accrue or arise in India, and foreign income only in limited cases for a person who is not ordinarily resident (foreign income included when derived from a business controlled in India or a profession set up in India). Non residents are taxed on income received or deemed received in India and income accruing or arising or deemed to accrue or arise in India. The section also prevents balance sheet inclusion from constituting receipt and bars double inclusion on accrual and receipt bases.
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    Charge of income-tax: linkage to central rates and application to total income, with withholding and advance payment obligations.
    Section 4 links the charge of income-tax to rates enacted by a Central Act, charges income-tax on the total income of the tax year of every person (while allowing charging for other specified periods), includes any additional income-tax by whatever name, and requires deduction/collection at source and advance payment for income chargeable under the section.
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    Stamp duty value treated as a notional benchmark for tax valuations, overriding conflicting valuation laws for tax purposes.
    Section 2(105) defines stamp duty value as the value adopted, assessed or assessable by a Central or State authority for stamp duty on immovable property, where "assessable" is expressly a notional value the authority would have adopted if referred the matter, and that definition applies irrespective of anything to the contrary in any other law in force.
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    Holding-period tiers determine capital gain classification with a shorter threshold for listed securities and specific fund units.
    Definition of short-term capital asset establishes a two-tier holding-period regime for capital gains classification, retaining a general holding-period test and a shorter test for listed securities, units of the Unit Trust of India, units of equity-oriented funds and zero-coupon bonds; detailed rules determine inclusion, exclusion and commencement of holding periods on liquidation, corporate reorganisations, conversions, allotments, renunciations, free allotments and GDR redemptions, with certain technical matters deferred to prescribed rules.
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    Definition of company in which the public are substantially interested: drafting variance may create conjunctive interpretation risk affecting tax classification.
    Clause 2 supplies a comprehensive glossary for the Income-tax Act, 2025, defining terms such as company, capital asset, income and virtual digital asset, often with cross-references, provisos and delegated prescriptions; clause 2(29)'s categories for a company in which the public are substantially interested are materially consistent between Bill and Act, but the Bill's connector wording risked a conjunctive reading of alternative tests that the Act's later disjunctive phrasing rectifies, creating interpretive consequences for tax classification and related compliance.
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    Definition of company clarified; temporal qualification in transitional limb may narrow which historic entities remain within tax scope.
    Section 2 supplies statutory definitions that determine tax coverage. The definition of company comprises Indian companies, foreign bodies corporate, entities assessable as companies under the repealed Act, and Board declared entities. The Bill adds a temporal qualification limiting entities assessed under the prior Act to particular assessment years; the Act text omits this qualification. Scattered drafting and cross reference differences exist. Operational consequences hinge on threshold facts (shareholding, listing, assessment history, population/distance tests) and on unstated transitional provisions.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
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    Capital asset definition updated to include IFSC-regulated funds and broaden unit-linked policies, affecting capital gains treatment.
    The Act retains an inclusive definition of capital asset with exceptions for stock-in-trade, specified personal effects and certain agricultural land, while refining the securities limb to expressly include securities held by FIIs and investment funds regulated under SEBI or IFSC regimes and removing a temporal issuance-date qualifier for unit-linked insurance policies, thereby broadening the category of policies treated as capital assets; numerous drafting and cross-reference clarifications aim to reduce interpretive uncertainty.
    Act RulesBills
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    Negative list of specified goods narrows eligibility for investment tax incentives and consolidates explanatory clarifications in law.
    SCHEDULE-XIII establishes a negative list of fifteen specified articles excluded from certain investment-linked tax incentives, consolidating explanatory clarifications into the main text and streamlining obsolete entries. Referenced to section 45(2)(c) and (d) of the Bill, the Schedule preserves policy continuity-excluding luxury, non-essential, and public-health-sensitive goods-while aiming to reduce interpretive ambiguity and improve legislative clarity. The drafting changes and omissions reflect a modernization and simplification of the earlier SCHEDULE 11, though some item inclusions and obsolete entries indicate a continuing need for periodic review and alignment with broader tax and policy frameworks.
    Act RulesBills
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    Mineral classification determines tax incentive eligibility for prospecting and extraction, preserving continuity but requiring clearer definitions.
    Statutory classification of minerals determines which mineral activities qualify for tax incentives under income tax law by listing specified minerals and associated groups; SCHEDULE XII (2025) reproduces SCHEDULE 07 (1961) verbatim in substance, enumerating 27 minerals and 16 associated groups as the determinative reference for eligibility of capital expenditure on prospecting, extraction and processing, while leaving interpretive issues (broad terms, technical thresholds, typographical inconsistencies) that may require periodic review and clearer definitions.
    Act RulesBills
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    Recognised Provident Fund rules modernised, clarifying recognition conditions, tax treatment of contributions, portability, and trustee obligations.
    The Schedule modernises the framework governing Recognised Provident Funds, approved superannuation and gratuity funds by restating recognition and approval conditions (employment location, fixed contribution structure, irrevocable trust, permitted assets), procedures for recognition or withdrawal, trustee recordkeeping and appeals, and explicit tax rules: taxable employer contributions above prescribed rates and excess interest, deductibility of employee contributions, exclusion of accumulated balances only upon meeting service-duration or contingency conditions or permitted transfers, retroactive taxation where conditions fail, and mandatory tax deduction at source.
    Act RulesBills
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    Insurance business taxation: updated rules tie taxable profits to actuarial surplus and reorganized disallowance cross-references.
    Schedule-XIV requires separate computation of life insurance profits by annual averaging of actuarial surplus/deficit from the last inter-valuation period, with add-backs of inadmissible expenditures under the reorganized disallowance provisions; it updates crediting rules for tax paid during multi-year valuation periods, prescribes profit computation and specified add-backs and deductions for other insurance business (including treatment of investment gains/losses and reserves for unexpired risks), and provides a proportional premium-based deeming rule for non-resident insurers, while streamlining interpretative definitions.
    Act RulesBills
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    Removal of difficulties powers permit executive adaptation of tax law during statutory transition subject to safeguards and oversight.
    Clause 535 grants the Central Government power to issue orders to remove implementation difficulties in the Income Tax Bill, 2025, provided such orders are not inconsistent with the Act; it expressly permits adaptations of the prior law for assessments up to the tax year ending 31 March 2026, limits the power to three years from 1 April 2026, and requires that every order be laid before both Houses of Parliament.
    Act RulesBills
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    Repeal and savings provisions ensure continuity of tax rights, proceedings and carry forwards during statutory transition to the new code.
    Clause 536 formally repeals the Income tax Act, 1961 while preserving prior operations, rights, obligations, pending proceedings, recoveries and administrative instruments by saving elections, carry forward of losses and credits, conditional deduction rules, continuation of penal and search proceedings initiated before commencement, and by applying Section 6 of the General Clauses Act, thereby ensuring legal and administrative continuity during transition to the new tax code.
    Act RulesBills
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    Legislative oversight of delegated tax rules: parliamentary laying enables modification or annulment while preserving prior actions.
    Clause 534 mandates that specified subordinate tax instruments-rules under the Act, Appellate Tribunal procedural rules, and notifications under designated provisions including Chapter XIII G-be laid before each House of Parliament promptly for a cumulative thirty days. If both Houses agree within the following session to modify or annul an instrument, it will thereafter take effect only in the modified form or be of no effect, while a without prejudice clause preserves the validity of actions previously taken under that instrument.
    Act RulesBills
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    Rule-making powers: Board may frame subordinate tax rules under government control, with limits on prejudicial retrospective application.
    Clause 533 vests the Central Board of Direct Taxes with broad rule-making authority, subject to Central Government control, to frame subordinate legislation for carrying out the purposes of the Income Tax Act. It prescribes an illustrative list of subjects - including income ascertainment, depreciation, procedural matters, electronic filing and international taxation - empowers estimation methods where precise computation is impracticable, and restricts retrospective rules so as not to prejudice assessees unless expressly permitted, all while remaining subject to ultra vires review.
    Act RulesBills
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    Rescission of tax exemptions enables government withdrawal of legacy territorial tax benefits, raising procedural fairness and treaty questions.
    Clause 531 empowers the Central Government to rescind previously granted tax exemptions, rate reductions, or modifications for specified Union territories by general or special order. Focused solely on withdrawal, the provision applies to any assessee or class of assessees and to part or whole of income, is not time limited, and lacks statutory procedural safeguards, leaving only administrative law principles as constraints and raising questions about retrospectivity, legitimate expectations, and treaty-based concessions.
    Act RulesBills
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    Interim tax charging provision ensures continuity, applying the more favourable provision to taxpayers pending enactment.
    Clause 530 provides that if, on the first day of a tax year, no Central Act has been enacted to charge income tax, the Act shall operate until such provision is made as if either the provision in force in the preceding tax year or the provision proposed in the Bill before Parliament were in force, whichever is more favourable to the assessee, thereby ensuring continuity of assessment and collection pending enactment.

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      AMENDMENTS IN THE CGST ACT, 2017 - FINANCE (No.2) BILL, 2019

      5 July, 2019

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      AMENDMENTS IN THE CGST ACT, 2017:

      S. No.

      Amendment

      Clause of the Finance (No.2) Bill, 2019

      1

      The definition of “adjudicating authority” in clause (4) of section 2 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to exclude “the National Appellate Authority for Advance Ruling” (which is being created by various amendments in Chapter XVII of the CGST Act) from the definition of “adjudicating authority”.

      [91]

      2

      A new sub-section is being inserted in section 10 of the CGST Act to bring in an alternative composition scheme for supplier of services or  mixed suppliers (not eligible for the earlier composition scheme) having an annual turnover in preceding financial year upto ₹ 50 lakhs. Further, explanation is being added to section 10 to clarify that:

       

      i.

      for computing the aggregate turnover to determine eligibility for the composition scheme, value of exempt supplies services provided by way of extending deposits, loans or advances in so far as the consideration is represented by way of interest or discount shall not be taken into account; and

       

      ii.

      for determining the value of turnover in a State or Union territory to calculate tax payable, value of exempt supplies of services provided by way of extending deposits, loans or advances in so far as the consideration is represented by way of interest or discount; and value of the first supplies from 1st of April till the date when the taxpayer becomes liable for registration shall not be taken into account.

      [92]

      3

      A proviso and an explanation is being inserted in section 22 of the CGST Act so as to provide for higher threshold exemption limit from ₹ 20 lakhs to such amount not exceeding ₹ 40 lakhs in case of supplier who is engaged in exclusive supply of goods. 

      [93]

      4

      New sub-sections are being inserted in section 25 of the CGST Act to make Aadhaar authentication mandatory for specified class of new taxpayers and to prescribe the manner in which certain class of registered taxpayers are required to undergo Aadhaar authentication.

      [94]

      5

      A new section 31A is being inserted in the CGST Act so that specified suppliers shall have to mandatorily give the option of specified modes of electronic payment to their recipients.

      [95]

      6

      Section 39 of the CGST Act  is being amended so as to allow the composition taxpayers to furnish annual return along with quarterly payment of taxes; and other specified taxpayers may be given the option for quarterly or monthly furnishing of returns and payment of taxes under the proposed new return system.

      [96]

      7

      New provisos are being inserted in sub-section (1) of section 44 of the CGST Act so as to empower the Commissioner to extend the due date for furnishing Annual return (prescribed FORM GSTR-9/9A) and reconciliation statement (prescribed  FORM GSTR-9C).

      [97]

      8

      New sub-sections are being inserted in section 49 of the CGST Act to provide a facility to the registered person to transfer an amount from one (major or minor) head to another (major or minor) head in the electronic cash ledger.

      [98]

      9

      New proviso in sub-sections (1) is being inserted in section 50 of the CGST Act so as to provide for charging  interest only on the net cash tax liability, except in those cases where returns are filed subsequent to initiation of any proceedings under section 73 or 74 of the CGST Act.

      [99]

      10

      New provisos are being inserted in sub-sections (4) and (5) of section 52 of the CGST Act so as to empower the Commissioner to extend the due date for furnishing of monthly and annual statement by the person collecting tax at source.

      [100]

      11

      A new section 53A is being inserted in the CGST Act so as to   provide for transfer of amount between Centre and States consequential to amendment in section 49 of the CGST Act allowing transfer of an amount from one head to another head in the electronic cash ledger of the registered person .

      [101]

      12

      New sub-section (8A) is being inserted in section 54 of the CGST Act so as to provide that the Central Government may disburse refund amount to the taxpayers in respect of refund of State taxes as well.

      [102]

      13

      New clause (f) is being inserted in section 95 of the CGST Act to define the “National Appellate Authority for Advance Ruling”.

      [103]

      14

      New sections 101A, 101B and 101C are being inserted in the CGST Act so as to provide for constitution, qualification, appointment, tenure, conditions of services of the National Appellate Authority for Advance Ruling; to provide for procedures to be followed for hearing appeals against conflicting advance rulings pronounced on the same question by the Appellate Authorities of two or more States or Union territories in case of distinct persons; and to provide that the National Appellate Authority shall pass order within a period of ninety days from the date of filing of the appeal respectively.

      [104]

      15

      Section 102 of  the CGST Act is being amended so as to allow the National Appellate Authority to amend any order passed by it so as to rectify any error apparent on the face of the record, within a period of six months from the date of the order, except under certain specified circumstances.

      [105]

      16

      Section 103 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to provide that the advance ruling pronounced by the National Appellate Authority shall be binding, unless there is a change in law or facts, on the applicants, being distinct person and all registered persons having the same Permanent Account Number and on the concerned officers or the jurisdictional officers in respect of the said applicants and the registered persons having the same Permanent Account Number. 

      [106]

      17

      Section 104 of  the CGST Act is being amended so as to provide that advance ruling pronounced by the National Appellate Authority shall be void where the ruling has been obtained by fraud or suppression of material facts or misrepresentation of facts.

      [107]

      18

      Section 105 of  the CGST Act is being amended so as to provide that the National Appellate Authority shall have all the powers of a civil court under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 for the purpose of exercising its powers under the Act.

      [108]

      19

      Section 106 of  the CGST Act is being amended so as to provide that the National Appellate Authority shall have power to regulate its own procedure.

      [109]

      20

      Consequent to the amendments in section 44 and section 52 of the CGST Act, section 168 is being amended so as to specify that in respect of sub-section (1) of section 44 and subsections (4) and (5) of section 52, Commissioner or Joint Secretary shall exercise the powers specified in the said sections with the approval of the Board.

      [110]

      21

      Section 171 of  the CGST Act is being amended so as to empower the National Anti-profiteering Authority (under sub-section (2) of section 171 of the Act) to impose penalty equivalent to 10% of the profiteered amount.

      [111]

       

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