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Co-ownership taxation clarifies individual assessment and allocation of rental income among co-owners under broadened property scope.
Taxation of income from co-owned property preserves individual assessment and allocation by definite and ascertainable shares, excludes association-of-persons treatment, broadens the scope of "property," simplifies income computation references to the relevant Chapter, and clarifies relief for self-occupied interests by direct cross-reference to the relief provision.
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Clause 12 of the Income Tax Bill, 2025 consolidates exemption rules for political parties and electoral trusts, retaining existing excluded income categories while reorganising eligibility and conditions into Schedule VIII's tabular format. It strengthens documentation, retains the cash-donation cap, expands acceptable non-cash payment modes to account-payee and electronic methods and electoral instruments, mandates timely return filing and enhanced audits, requires electoral trusts to distribute the bulk of aggregate donations to registered parties, and provides for taxation of exempt income where statutory conditions are not met.
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Clause 9 establishes when income is deemed to accrue or arise in India, categorising taxable flows from Indian assets/sources, property, business connections and transfers of capital assets situated in India, and prescribing specific rules for salary, dividends, interest, royalty and technical service fees, with tailored definitions for software and digital rights, while introducing Significant Economic Presence and attribution rules plus indirect transfer tests and exemptions.
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Territorial nexus expanded to include significant economic presence, broadening tax scope for digital and cross-border business activities.
The proposed Clause 9 expands the territorial nexus and refines business connection to include significant economic presence, adds targeted rules for online advertising, data monetization and digital services, and integrates investment fund management rules, creating new compliance obligations for businesses, non-residents and fund managers while aligning with international tax guidelines.
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The Bill consolidates rules treating certain receipts as income into one clause, preserving employee-related deemed income categories and provident fund treatment while refining employer-contribution language and updating cross-references. It integrates dividend provisions, maintains the declared versus interim dividend distinction, broadens the dividend definition through updated references, and clarifies unconditional availability of interim distributions, aiming to simplify timing and computation of these receipts and reduce interpretive disputes for tax administration.
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Residential status reform refines residency tests and deemed resident rules, strengthening clarity for high income individuals and companies.
The Bill restructures residential status rules to clarify the day count residency framework, refine temporal definitions and exceptions, and expand deemed residency and not ordinarily resident criteria. It adds targeted provisions for high income individuals with a distinct presence test and develops company residency guidance by elaborating the place of effective management and management control factors, aiming to align with international standards and reduce disputes.
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Apportionment of spousal income: equal division of non-salary income with salary attributed to the earning spouse under Portuguese Civil Code.
Income of spouses under the Portuguese Civil Code is not assessed as community property; non-salary income is divided equally between spouses while salary income is attributed solely to the earning spouse. Section 5A and Clause 10 maintain individual assessment, require separate inclusion of apportioned shares in each spouse's return, and call for clear income segregation and documentation. Clause 10 simplifies language and removes prior references to classification as an association of persons or body of individuals.
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Scope of total income clarified: residency tests and foreign income treatment reorganised to improve clarity and administration.
Clause 5 reorganises the scope of total income by substituting "previous year" with tax year, moving not ordinarily resident treatment into the main clause, and elevating former Explanations into subsections. The Bill preserves the core rules on income received or deemed received in India, income accruing or arising in India, and income accruing outside India, while separately articulating prevention of double inclusion and foreign income treatment to improve clarity and administrative coherence.
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Commercial activities by non-profits face a revenue cap and mandatory separate accounting, tightening compliance and transparency.
Clause 346 of the Income Tax Bill, 2025 requires commercial activities by registered non-profit organisations to be directly related to charitable objectives, subjects receipts from such activities to a statutory revenue cap, and mandates separate accounting for those activities. This contrasts with Section 2(15) of the Income-tax Act, 1961, which conditions tax-exempt status on activities being integral to the charitable purpose and a similar receipts ceiling but lacks an explicit separate accounting requirement. The clause emphasizes transparency, documentation, and clearer compliance parameters.

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AMENDMENTS IN THE CGST ACT, 2017 - FINANCE (No.2) BILL, 2019

5 July, 2019

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AMENDMENTS IN THE CGST ACT, 2017:

S. No.

Amendment

Clause of the Finance (No.2) Bill, 2019

1

The definition of “adjudicating authority” in clause (4) of section 2 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to exclude “the National Appellate Authority for Advance Ruling” (which is being created by various amendments in Chapter XVII of the CGST Act) from the definition of “adjudicating authority”.

[91]

2

A new sub-section is being inserted in section 10 of the CGST Act to bring in an alternative composition scheme for supplier of services or  mixed suppliers (not eligible for the earlier composition scheme) having an annual turnover in preceding financial year upto ₹ 50 lakhs. Further, explanation is being added to section 10 to clarify that:

 

i.

for computing the aggregate turnover to determine eligibility for the composition scheme, value of exempt supplies services provided by way of extending deposits, loans or advances in so far as the consideration is represented by way of interest or discount shall not be taken into account; and

 

ii.

for determining the value of turnover in a State or Union territory to calculate tax payable, value of exempt supplies of services provided by way of extending deposits, loans or advances in so far as the consideration is represented by way of interest or discount; and value of the first supplies from 1st of April till the date when the taxpayer becomes liable for registration shall not be taken into account.

[92]

3

A proviso and an explanation is being inserted in section 22 of the CGST Act so as to provide for higher threshold exemption limit from ₹ 20 lakhs to such amount not exceeding ₹ 40 lakhs in case of supplier who is engaged in exclusive supply of goods. 

[93]

4

New sub-sections are being inserted in section 25 of the CGST Act to make Aadhaar authentication mandatory for specified class of new taxpayers and to prescribe the manner in which certain class of registered taxpayers are required to undergo Aadhaar authentication.

[94]

5

A new section 31A is being inserted in the CGST Act so that specified suppliers shall have to mandatorily give the option of specified modes of electronic payment to their recipients.

[95]

6

Section 39 of the CGST Act  is being amended so as to allow the composition taxpayers to furnish annual return along with quarterly payment of taxes; and other specified taxpayers may be given the option for quarterly or monthly furnishing of returns and payment of taxes under the proposed new return system.

[96]

7

New provisos are being inserted in sub-section (1) of section 44 of the CGST Act so as to empower the Commissioner to extend the due date for furnishing Annual return (prescribed FORM GSTR-9/9A) and reconciliation statement (prescribed  FORM GSTR-9C).

[97]

8

New sub-sections are being inserted in section 49 of the CGST Act to provide a facility to the registered person to transfer an amount from one (major or minor) head to another (major or minor) head in the electronic cash ledger.

[98]

9

New proviso in sub-sections (1) is being inserted in section 50 of the CGST Act so as to provide for charging  interest only on the net cash tax liability, except in those cases where returns are filed subsequent to initiation of any proceedings under section 73 or 74 of the CGST Act.

[99]

10

New provisos are being inserted in sub-sections (4) and (5) of section 52 of the CGST Act so as to empower the Commissioner to extend the due date for furnishing of monthly and annual statement by the person collecting tax at source.

[100]

11

A new section 53A is being inserted in the CGST Act so as to   provide for transfer of amount between Centre and States consequential to amendment in section 49 of the CGST Act allowing transfer of an amount from one head to another head in the electronic cash ledger of the registered person .

[101]

12

New sub-section (8A) is being inserted in section 54 of the CGST Act so as to provide that the Central Government may disburse refund amount to the taxpayers in respect of refund of State taxes as well.

[102]

13

New clause (f) is being inserted in section 95 of the CGST Act to define the “National Appellate Authority for Advance Ruling”.

[103]

14

New sections 101A, 101B and 101C are being inserted in the CGST Act so as to provide for constitution, qualification, appointment, tenure, conditions of services of the National Appellate Authority for Advance Ruling; to provide for procedures to be followed for hearing appeals against conflicting advance rulings pronounced on the same question by the Appellate Authorities of two or more States or Union territories in case of distinct persons; and to provide that the National Appellate Authority shall pass order within a period of ninety days from the date of filing of the appeal respectively.

[104]

15

Section 102 of  the CGST Act is being amended so as to allow the National Appellate Authority to amend any order passed by it so as to rectify any error apparent on the face of the record, within a period of six months from the date of the order, except under certain specified circumstances.

[105]

16

Section 103 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to provide that the advance ruling pronounced by the National Appellate Authority shall be binding, unless there is a change in law or facts, on the applicants, being distinct person and all registered persons having the same Permanent Account Number and on the concerned officers or the jurisdictional officers in respect of the said applicants and the registered persons having the same Permanent Account Number. 

[106]

17

Section 104 of  the CGST Act is being amended so as to provide that advance ruling pronounced by the National Appellate Authority shall be void where the ruling has been obtained by fraud or suppression of material facts or misrepresentation of facts.

[107]

18

Section 105 of  the CGST Act is being amended so as to provide that the National Appellate Authority shall have all the powers of a civil court under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 for the purpose of exercising its powers under the Act.

[108]

19

Section 106 of  the CGST Act is being amended so as to provide that the National Appellate Authority shall have power to regulate its own procedure.

[109]

20

Consequent to the amendments in section 44 and section 52 of the CGST Act, section 168 is being amended so as to specify that in respect of sub-section (1) of section 44 and subsections (4) and (5) of section 52, Commissioner or Joint Secretary shall exercise the powers specified in the said sections with the approval of the Board.

[110]

21

Section 171 of  the CGST Act is being amended so as to empower the National Anti-profiteering Authority (under sub-section (2) of section 171 of the Act) to impose penalty equivalent to 10% of the profiteered amount.

[111]

 

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Acts Income Tax