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Clause 31 of the Income Tax Bill, 2025 creates a structured regime for deductions for provisions for bad and doubtful debts and for bad debts written off, prescribing percentage-based deduction limits for specified financial institutions with an additional allowance for rural-branch advances; it requires that write-offs be reflected in income computations, provides for partial recovery treatment, and distinguishes provisions from actual bad debts while aligning deductions with accounting and disclosure standards.
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Search and seizure powers expanded to permit access to digital records, enhancing tax enforcement while raising privacy concerns.
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Insurance premium deductions permit tax relief for business stock, cattle insurance, and employer-paid health cover via non-cash payments.
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Employee welfare deductions clarified: new limits, timing and eligibility for employer contributions under Clause 29.
Clause 29 prescribes conditions and limits for deducting employer contributions to recognized provident funds, approved superannuation funds, pension schemes (subject to a uniform percentage of salary including dearness allowance), and approved gratuity funds, sets the due date rules for employee contributions, and restricts deductions for provisions or contributions unless expressly authorised, thereby clarifying and refining the deductibility regime compared with current Sections 36 and 40A.
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Employee welfare deductions clarified: permitted employer contributions to approved funds subject to prescribed limits and arm's-length scrutiny.
Deductions for employer contributions to specified employee welfare vehicles are permitted only when made to recognised or approved funds and in accordance with prescribed limits, timing and conditions; provision-only gratuity reserves are generally non-deductible unless conditions are met, and contributions to other funds or trusts are disallowed except as expressly allowed or required by law.
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Tax deduction for agricultural and skill development projects streamlines incentives while barring duplicate claims under the Act.
Clause 47 permits deductions for expenditures on agricultural extension projects and for companies' skill development projects, excluding land and building costs, subject to Board notification and requisite documentation. It includes an express prohibition on claiming the same expenditure under any other provision of the Act for the same or any other tax year, consolidating and streamlining prior separate incentives while imposing compliance obligations to substantiate eligibility.
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Site restoration fund deductions limited and conditional; misuse of withdrawals treated as taxable income under new regime.
Clause 49 and Schedule X create a Site Restoration Fund regime allowing deductions for deposits into specified accounts subject to caps and conditions: claims require a government agreement and audited accounts, deposits must be made by year-end, withdrawals are restricted to scheme purposes and misuse is taxed as income, expenditures funded by withdrawals are nondeductible, and disposals tied to the scheme within a set period reverse deductions and are taxed.
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Capital expenditure deduction for specified businesses enables immediate full write-off, subject to eligibility, exclusivity and usage conditions.
Clause 46 permits full deduction of capital expenditure for a specified business in the year incurred, including pre-operational capitalized expenditure, subject to conditions: no splitting or reconstruction of existing businesses, prohibition on previously used machinery or plant, and, for certain sectors, fulfillment of regulatory approval and operational criteria; it bars claiming other deductions for the same expenditure and requires assets to be used exclusively for the specified business for at least eight years.
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Amortization of preliminary expenses enables staged tax relief for businesses under the new income tax provision.
The clause permits staged deduction of specified preliminary expenses by allowing an Indian company or resident individual to deduct one fifth of eligible preliminary expenses in each of five successive tax years, subject to an overall ceiling computed at the option of the taxpayer against either project cost or capital employed; eligible expenditures include feasibility and project reports, market and engineering studies, legal charges and other prescribed preparatory costs, and a statement of expenditure must be furnished to the prescribed authority.
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Amortisation of expenditure: Tax treatment extended to telecommunications, amalgamation, demerger and voluntary retirement schemes clarified.
Clause 52 provides for amortisation of expenditures: amalgamation or demerger costs and voluntary retirement payments are amortisable over five tax years from the tax year of the event or payment; spectrum and licence fees for telecommunication services are amortisable over the period the rights remain in force, beginning in the later of business commencement or payment year. It further addresses tax consequences on transfer of such rights and empowers the Assessing Officer to rectify income where deductions were incorrectly claimed.
Act Rules Bills
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Research expenditure deductions expanded under new clause; certification and continuity rules affect pre commencement and institutional payments.
Clause 45 allows deductions for capital and revenue scientific research expenditures related to business, excluding land acquisition; permits certified pre commencement expenditures up to three years; allows payments to research associations, universities and approved companies; conditions claims on prescribed documentation and compliance; protects deductions when approvals are later withdrawn; and contains provisions on non duplication of deductions, depreciation applicability, and amalgamation asset treatment.
Act Rules Bills
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Depreciation rules modernized to clarify asset categories and additional allowances, affecting business tax deductions and compliance.
Clause 33 creates a unified regime for depreciation on tangible and intangible assets used in business or profession, excluding goodwill; mandates written down value treatment for a block of assets with proportional deductions for partial business use; halves rates for assets used less than 180 days; provides pro rata apportionment on succession, amalgamation and demerger; treats leasehold improvements as depreciable buildings; permits late claims and carry forward of unabsorbed depreciation; allows disposal deductions for written down value shortfalls; and grants additional depreciation for new machinery and plant in manufacturing and power generation.
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Deductions for rent and repairs clarified: proportionate claims allowed for partial business use under new clause.
Clause 28 consolidates deductions for premises, machinery, plant, and furniture used wholly and exclusively for business or profession, allowing deductions for insurance premiums, local taxes, rent, and current (non-capital) repairs. It preserves tenant-specific rent and repair claims and imposes an explicit apportionment rule: where assets are not wholly used for business, deductions are limited to a fair proportionate part as determined by the Assessing Officer, thereby centralising assessment discretion and requiring supporting documentation for partial-use allocations.
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Business income taxation modernisation clarifies taxable receipts and expands scope to include government-related compensations and non-monetary benefits.
Clause 26 restates chargeability of income under the head "Profits and gains of business or profession" for the tax year, replacing the term "previous year," and refines categories of taxable receipts by expressly including compensation for termination or contract vesting with government bodies, consolidating export incentives, recognizing non-monetary benefits, and preserving existing treatments for partner receipts, Keyman insurance proceeds, inventory-to-capital conversions, capital-asset sums, speculative transactions, and the exclusion of residential letting income.
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Owner definition clarified in income tax reform, expanding deemed ownership and streamlining property tax provisions.
The Bill clarifies the owner concept for house property income taxation by expressly deeming transfers without adequate consideration to close relatives as ownership (with specified exceptions), streamlining provisions for impartible estates, cooperative society members, and part-performance rights, expanding categories of transactions that create ownership-like rights with specific lease-term criteria, and omitting prior references to annual and capital charge and service taxes to simplify the framework.

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AMENDMENTS IN THE CGST ACT, 2017 - FINANCE (No.2) BILL, 2019

5 July, 2019

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AMENDMENTS IN THE CGST ACT, 2017:

S. No.

Amendment

Clause of the Finance (No.2) Bill, 2019

1

The definition of “adjudicating authority” in clause (4) of section 2 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to exclude “the National Appellate Authority for Advance Ruling” (which is being created by various amendments in Chapter XVII of the CGST Act) from the definition of “adjudicating authority”.

[91]

2

A new sub-section is being inserted in section 10 of the CGST Act to bring in an alternative composition scheme for supplier of services or  mixed suppliers (not eligible for the earlier composition scheme) having an annual turnover in preceding financial year upto ₹ 50 lakhs. Further, explanation is being added to section 10 to clarify that:

 

i.

for computing the aggregate turnover to determine eligibility for the composition scheme, value of exempt supplies services provided by way of extending deposits, loans or advances in so far as the consideration is represented by way of interest or discount shall not be taken into account; and

 

ii.

for determining the value of turnover in a State or Union territory to calculate tax payable, value of exempt supplies of services provided by way of extending deposits, loans or advances in so far as the consideration is represented by way of interest or discount; and value of the first supplies from 1st of April till the date when the taxpayer becomes liable for registration shall not be taken into account.

[92]

3

A proviso and an explanation is being inserted in section 22 of the CGST Act so as to provide for higher threshold exemption limit from ₹ 20 lakhs to such amount not exceeding ₹ 40 lakhs in case of supplier who is engaged in exclusive supply of goods. 

[93]

4

New sub-sections are being inserted in section 25 of the CGST Act to make Aadhaar authentication mandatory for specified class of new taxpayers and to prescribe the manner in which certain class of registered taxpayers are required to undergo Aadhaar authentication.

[94]

5

A new section 31A is being inserted in the CGST Act so that specified suppliers shall have to mandatorily give the option of specified modes of electronic payment to their recipients.

[95]

6

Section 39 of the CGST Act  is being amended so as to allow the composition taxpayers to furnish annual return along with quarterly payment of taxes; and other specified taxpayers may be given the option for quarterly or monthly furnishing of returns and payment of taxes under the proposed new return system.

[96]

7

New provisos are being inserted in sub-section (1) of section 44 of the CGST Act so as to empower the Commissioner to extend the due date for furnishing Annual return (prescribed FORM GSTR-9/9A) and reconciliation statement (prescribed  FORM GSTR-9C).

[97]

8

New sub-sections are being inserted in section 49 of the CGST Act to provide a facility to the registered person to transfer an amount from one (major or minor) head to another (major or minor) head in the electronic cash ledger.

[98]

9

New proviso in sub-sections (1) is being inserted in section 50 of the CGST Act so as to provide for charging  interest only on the net cash tax liability, except in those cases where returns are filed subsequent to initiation of any proceedings under section 73 or 74 of the CGST Act.

[99]

10

New provisos are being inserted in sub-sections (4) and (5) of section 52 of the CGST Act so as to empower the Commissioner to extend the due date for furnishing of monthly and annual statement by the person collecting tax at source.

[100]

11

A new section 53A is being inserted in the CGST Act so as to   provide for transfer of amount between Centre and States consequential to amendment in section 49 of the CGST Act allowing transfer of an amount from one head to another head in the electronic cash ledger of the registered person .

[101]

12

New sub-section (8A) is being inserted in section 54 of the CGST Act so as to provide that the Central Government may disburse refund amount to the taxpayers in respect of refund of State taxes as well.

[102]

13

New clause (f) is being inserted in section 95 of the CGST Act to define the “National Appellate Authority for Advance Ruling”.

[103]

14

New sections 101A, 101B and 101C are being inserted in the CGST Act so as to provide for constitution, qualification, appointment, tenure, conditions of services of the National Appellate Authority for Advance Ruling; to provide for procedures to be followed for hearing appeals against conflicting advance rulings pronounced on the same question by the Appellate Authorities of two or more States or Union territories in case of distinct persons; and to provide that the National Appellate Authority shall pass order within a period of ninety days from the date of filing of the appeal respectively.

[104]

15

Section 102 of  the CGST Act is being amended so as to allow the National Appellate Authority to amend any order passed by it so as to rectify any error apparent on the face of the record, within a period of six months from the date of the order, except under certain specified circumstances.

[105]

16

Section 103 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to provide that the advance ruling pronounced by the National Appellate Authority shall be binding, unless there is a change in law or facts, on the applicants, being distinct person and all registered persons having the same Permanent Account Number and on the concerned officers or the jurisdictional officers in respect of the said applicants and the registered persons having the same Permanent Account Number. 

[106]

17

Section 104 of  the CGST Act is being amended so as to provide that advance ruling pronounced by the National Appellate Authority shall be void where the ruling has been obtained by fraud or suppression of material facts or misrepresentation of facts.

[107]

18

Section 105 of  the CGST Act is being amended so as to provide that the National Appellate Authority shall have all the powers of a civil court under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 for the purpose of exercising its powers under the Act.

[108]

19

Section 106 of  the CGST Act is being amended so as to provide that the National Appellate Authority shall have power to regulate its own procedure.

[109]

20

Consequent to the amendments in section 44 and section 52 of the CGST Act, section 168 is being amended so as to specify that in respect of sub-section (1) of section 44 and subsections (4) and (5) of section 52, Commissioner or Joint Secretary shall exercise the powers specified in the said sections with the approval of the Board.

[110]

21

Section 171 of  the CGST Act is being amended so as to empower the National Anti-profiteering Authority (under sub-section (2) of section 171 of the Act) to impose penalty equivalent to 10% of the profiteered amount.

[111]

 

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Acts Income Tax