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Taxation of foreign exchange fluctuation standardizes treatment of gains and losses under updated income computation standards.
Taxation of foreign exchange fluctuation treats gains or losses from changes in foreign exchange rates on foreign currency transactions as taxable income or loss, to be computed under the income computation and disclosure standards referenced in clause 276(2), and applies to monetary and non monetary items, translation of foreign operations' financial statements, forward exchange contracts, and foreign currency translation reserves.
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Foreign exchange fluctuation capitalisation changes asset cost computation, requiring exchange rate variations to be added to or deducted from acquisition cost.
Clause 42 requires capitalization of foreign exchange fluctuations into the cost of assets: an overriding rule mandates accounting for exchange rate variations; the variation is computed as the amount paid in domestic currency less the liability at acquisition; that variation is added to or deducted from the asset's actual cost; where contracts with authorised dealers exist, the contract exchange rate governs measurement, and foreign exchange law is incorporated for definitions and consistency.
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Amortisation of expenditure allows staged tax deduction for mineral prospecting expenses with carry-forward and anti-double-deduction safeguards.
Clause 51 establishes a regime permitting amortisation of qualifying prospecting and mine-development expenses for Indian companies and resident individuals by allowing an annual deduction of one-tenth of the specified expenditure over ten tax years from the year of commercial production. It limits eligible expenditure to amounts incurred in the year of commercial production and the four preceding years, excludes acquisition costs of mineral sites and depreciable capital assets, bars double claims under other provisions, permits carry-forward within the ten-year ceiling, and requires audited accounts for non-corporate claimants.
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Deductions for oil exploration clarify eligibility, government agreements and transfer treatment under new tax clause.
Clause 54 establishes a tax framework for prospecting for mineral oils by permitting deductions for pre commercial production expenses and depletion of mineral oil, defining specified oil exploration business and including petroleum and natural gas as mineral oil, and requiring agreements with the Central Government to be laid before Parliament. It prescribes deduction interplay with other allowances and specifies tax treatment on business transfers, cessation during transfer year, and applicability on amalgamation or demerger.
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Written down value reforms standardize WDV computation and clarify depreciation and block asset adjustments under the new tax provision.
Clause 41 prescribes a standardized method for computing the written down value of depreciable assets: assets acquired in the tax year are valued at actual cost; earlier-acquired assets at cost less depreciation allowed; blocks of assets by the formula [(A-D)+B-C]-E; carried-forward depreciation is deemed allowed; adjustments are required for years where total income was not computed; mixed agriculture-business income is treated as business for depreciation; and the term "sold" is referenced to the Act for consistency.
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Computation of actual cost updated to exclude subsidies and non-banking payments, tightening asset valuation for tax purposes.
Clause 39 redefines actual cost for depreciation by reducing asset cost for amounts met by others, GST credits, additional duties and subsidies; excluding certain non-banking payments; providing a formula for indirect subsidy apportionment; specifying treatment in amalgamation, demerger and asset conversion; empowering assessing officers with supervisory approval to determine cost in avoidance cases; and defining special acquisition modes for transfer clarity.
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Modernizing business income definitions clarifies taxable profit scope and aligns terms with contemporary financial instruments.
Clause 66 revises key definitions for computing income under Profits and Gains of Business or Profession, broadening terms like agreement, specifying classifications for banking and housing finance companies, updating the scope of plant, refining fees for technical services, and narrowing the definition of speculative transactions with exceptions for bona fide hedging and specified derivatives; these updates modernise earlier Section 43 concepts to align with electronic payment modes, contemporary derivatives, and non cash considerations to reduce ambiguity in tax assessments.
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Deemed business income: expanded scope taxes benefits from remission, asset disposals and successors' receipts under new Clause 38.
Clause 38 deems specified sums as profits and gains of business or profession where deductions or allowances were earlier claimed, covering cessation or remission of trading liabilities, excess proceeds on disposal of assets over written down value, sale of research capital assets, recovery of bad debts, and withdrawals from special reserves; it conditions taxability on prior allowance, permits loss set off for ceased businesses, defines key terms and extends liability to successors and post cessation situations.
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Non-deductibility of excessive payments: reinforces banking-mode payment rules and limits unreasonable related-party deductions.
Clause 36 empowers disallowance of deductions for payments deemed excessive or unreasonable to specified persons by reference to fair market value and business need, treats related disallowed deductions as income where previously claimed, and conditions deductibility on payments above prescribed thresholds being made through specified banking or online channels while providing limited exceptions for business expediency.

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AMENDMENTS IN THE CGST ACT, 2017 - FINANCE (No.2) BILL, 2019

5 July, 2019

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AMENDMENTS IN THE CGST ACT, 2017:

S. No.

Amendment

Clause of the Finance (No.2) Bill, 2019

1

The definition of “adjudicating authority” in clause (4) of section 2 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to exclude “the National Appellate Authority for Advance Ruling” (which is being created by various amendments in Chapter XVII of the CGST Act) from the definition of “adjudicating authority”.

[91]

2

A new sub-section is being inserted in section 10 of the CGST Act to bring in an alternative composition scheme for supplier of services or  mixed suppliers (not eligible for the earlier composition scheme) having an annual turnover in preceding financial year upto ₹ 50 lakhs. Further, explanation is being added to section 10 to clarify that:

 

i.

for computing the aggregate turnover to determine eligibility for the composition scheme, value of exempt supplies services provided by way of extending deposits, loans or advances in so far as the consideration is represented by way of interest or discount shall not be taken into account; and

 

ii.

for determining the value of turnover in a State or Union territory to calculate tax payable, value of exempt supplies of services provided by way of extending deposits, loans or advances in so far as the consideration is represented by way of interest or discount; and value of the first supplies from 1st of April till the date when the taxpayer becomes liable for registration shall not be taken into account.

[92]

3

A proviso and an explanation is being inserted in section 22 of the CGST Act so as to provide for higher threshold exemption limit from ₹ 20 lakhs to such amount not exceeding ₹ 40 lakhs in case of supplier who is engaged in exclusive supply of goods. 

[93]

4

New sub-sections are being inserted in section 25 of the CGST Act to make Aadhaar authentication mandatory for specified class of new taxpayers and to prescribe the manner in which certain class of registered taxpayers are required to undergo Aadhaar authentication.

[94]

5

A new section 31A is being inserted in the CGST Act so that specified suppliers shall have to mandatorily give the option of specified modes of electronic payment to their recipients.

[95]

6

Section 39 of the CGST Act  is being amended so as to allow the composition taxpayers to furnish annual return along with quarterly payment of taxes; and other specified taxpayers may be given the option for quarterly or monthly furnishing of returns and payment of taxes under the proposed new return system.

[96]

7

New provisos are being inserted in sub-section (1) of section 44 of the CGST Act so as to empower the Commissioner to extend the due date for furnishing Annual return (prescribed FORM GSTR-9/9A) and reconciliation statement (prescribed  FORM GSTR-9C).

[97]

8

New sub-sections are being inserted in section 49 of the CGST Act to provide a facility to the registered person to transfer an amount from one (major or minor) head to another (major or minor) head in the electronic cash ledger.

[98]

9

New proviso in sub-sections (1) is being inserted in section 50 of the CGST Act so as to provide for charging  interest only on the net cash tax liability, except in those cases where returns are filed subsequent to initiation of any proceedings under section 73 or 74 of the CGST Act.

[99]

10

New provisos are being inserted in sub-sections (4) and (5) of section 52 of the CGST Act so as to empower the Commissioner to extend the due date for furnishing of monthly and annual statement by the person collecting tax at source.

[100]

11

A new section 53A is being inserted in the CGST Act so as to   provide for transfer of amount between Centre and States consequential to amendment in section 49 of the CGST Act allowing transfer of an amount from one head to another head in the electronic cash ledger of the registered person .

[101]

12

New sub-section (8A) is being inserted in section 54 of the CGST Act so as to provide that the Central Government may disburse refund amount to the taxpayers in respect of refund of State taxes as well.

[102]

13

New clause (f) is being inserted in section 95 of the CGST Act to define the “National Appellate Authority for Advance Ruling”.

[103]

14

New sections 101A, 101B and 101C are being inserted in the CGST Act so as to provide for constitution, qualification, appointment, tenure, conditions of services of the National Appellate Authority for Advance Ruling; to provide for procedures to be followed for hearing appeals against conflicting advance rulings pronounced on the same question by the Appellate Authorities of two or more States or Union territories in case of distinct persons; and to provide that the National Appellate Authority shall pass order within a period of ninety days from the date of filing of the appeal respectively.

[104]

15

Section 102 of  the CGST Act is being amended so as to allow the National Appellate Authority to amend any order passed by it so as to rectify any error apparent on the face of the record, within a period of six months from the date of the order, except under certain specified circumstances.

[105]

16

Section 103 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to provide that the advance ruling pronounced by the National Appellate Authority shall be binding, unless there is a change in law or facts, on the applicants, being distinct person and all registered persons having the same Permanent Account Number and on the concerned officers or the jurisdictional officers in respect of the said applicants and the registered persons having the same Permanent Account Number. 

[106]

17

Section 104 of  the CGST Act is being amended so as to provide that advance ruling pronounced by the National Appellate Authority shall be void where the ruling has been obtained by fraud or suppression of material facts or misrepresentation of facts.

[107]

18

Section 105 of  the CGST Act is being amended so as to provide that the National Appellate Authority shall have all the powers of a civil court under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 for the purpose of exercising its powers under the Act.

[108]

19

Section 106 of  the CGST Act is being amended so as to provide that the National Appellate Authority shall have power to regulate its own procedure.

[109]

20

Consequent to the amendments in section 44 and section 52 of the CGST Act, section 168 is being amended so as to specify that in respect of sub-section (1) of section 44 and subsections (4) and (5) of section 52, Commissioner or Joint Secretary shall exercise the powers specified in the said sections with the approval of the Board.

[110]

21

Section 171 of  the CGST Act is being amended so as to empower the National Anti-profiteering Authority (under sub-section (2) of section 171 of the Act) to impose penalty equivalent to 10% of the profiteered amount.

[111]

 

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Acts Income Tax