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    Case Laws Income Tax
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Case Laws Income Tax
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Aircraft leasing: treaty text treats rental income as taxable in the lessor's residence when aircraft form part of international traffic.
Whether leased aircraft create a fixed place Permanent Establishment depends on the disposal test: operational control and the right to use and conduct business from the place must vest in the enterprise; mere ownership and protective inspection or repossession rights do not suffice. Profit attribution to any alleged PE requires a FAR based arm's length analysis under Article 7(2), and Article 8(1)'s express inclusion of "operation or rental" covers rental income from aircraft forming part of a fleet used in international traffic, allocating taxing rights to the State of residence.
Case Laws Income Tax
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Aircraft leasing: MLI PPT not applicable without section 90(1) notification; operating leases and Article 8(1) allocate rental tax to Ireland.
The Tribunal ruled that Articles 6-7 of the MLI cannot be applied against the India-Ireland DTAA without a specific section 90(1) notification; alternatively, the Revenue failed to show PPT-based abuse. Contractual and regulatory analysis classified the transactions as operating leases; no fixed place PE existed in India; and Article 8(1) allocates taxing rights on rental of aircraft in international traffic to Ireland.
Case Laws GST
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E-way bill expiry alone cannot prove intent to evade tax; penalties require material indicating actual evasion.
Expiry or non-generation of an e-way bill, by itself, does not establish intent to evade tax; penal action for movement in contravention requires material indicating diversion, mis-declaration or other indicia of tax risk. Where genuine invoices, correct particulars and evidence explaining delay exist and any fresh e-way bill is produced prior to final orders, authorities must record reasoned findings on intent; absent such material, detention, seizure and confiscation regime cannot be sustained and such misapplication is reviewable on certiorari.
Case Laws Money Laundering
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PMLA bail in GST-ITC syndicate case: High Court upholds arrest validity and denies bail under twin conditions.
The High Court held the PMLA arrest valid because the authorised officer recorded written reasons to believe and furnished written grounds of arrest; it found prima facie involvement in money laundering from corroborated banking, corporate and recorded-statement evidence establishing foundational facts of proceeds of crime; the statutory presumption applied and shifted the burden to the accused; and the mandatory twin bail conditions were not satisfied given the alleged magnitude, sophistication and continuing nature of the GST-ITC fraud, so regular bail was refused.
Case Laws Customs
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Wheel loaders classification: tribunal finds front end shovel loaders heading applies; no penalties without mala fide intent.
Self propelled wheeled machines with front mounted buckets are classifiable under TI 8429 5100 as front end shovel loaders regardless of mining use; invocation of the extended period u/s 28(4) requires evidence of collusion, wilful mis statement or suppression with intent to evade duty, and long standing departmental acceptance plus full disclosure negates mala fides; misclassification or wrong exemption claim alone does not justify confiscation u/s 111(m) or penalties u/ss 114A/114AA without proof of knowingly false description or fraudulent conduct.
Case Laws Income Tax
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Income tax revisional jurisdiction: if AO investigated, PCIT must decide merits or record specific investigative failure, not remand.
Where the Assessing Officer has conducted enquiries and accepted the assessee's explanation, the revisional authority cannot remand the assessment on a generic claim of inadequate enquiry; it must either record an abject failure to investigate with specific findings or decide the issue on merits in the revisional order and demonstrate error and prejudice.
Case Laws Income Tax
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Discretionary trusts taxed at maximum marginal rate must have surcharge computed under slab and threshold rules, not automatically at top rate.
For private discretionary trusts taxed at the maximum marginal rate under sections 164/167B, the term denotes the highest basic slab rate under the Finance Act, but surcharge on that tax must be computed according to the Finance Act's slab- and threshold-based surcharge provisions; if the trust's total income does not cross the statutory surcharge threshold, no surcharge is leviable despite basic tax being at the top slab rate.
Case Laws Customs
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Quicklime classification: impure lime falls under specific tariff heading, not high purity calcium oxide, per HSN purity standard.
The imported material, chemically tested as impure calcium oxide (about 92.2% CaO with mineral impurities), is classifiable under Heading 2522 10 00 as Quicklime. Chapter Note 1 to Chapter 25 must be read contextually and does not disqualify quicklime from Chapter 25 where the tariff text and HSN Explanatory Notes expressly contemplate calcined quicklime. Heading 2825 is confined to chemically pure calcium oxide (approximately 98% CaO) and its residuary sub-heading cannot displace the specific Heading 2522 unless that purity threshold and absence of impurities are met.
Case Laws Income Tax
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Reassessment notices: surviving-time computation under COVID-era relief and new limitation rules renders late notices time-barred.
The court held that in transitional reassessment cases the appropriate sanctioning authority is determined by when the original three-year expiry fell within the COVID-era relief window, so approval by the ordinarily specified authority for within-three-year cases suffices; limitation is governed by a two-step surviving-time computation measured from the original notice as of the relief-window terminal date, excluding stayed periods and the time allowed to reply, and any later notice issued beyond that surviving time is time-barred under the substituted limitation regime read with the time-relief statute and the legal-fiction continuity.
Case Laws Customs
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Seizure of goods: six month statutory limit for issuing show cause notice is mandatory despite provisional release.
The six month limit in Section 110(2) for issuing a show cause notice after seizure under Section 110(1) is mandatory; only a single six month extension under the first proviso is permissible. Provisional release under Section 110A does not suspend, extend or neutralise that time bar. The 2018 second proviso making the six month rule inapplicable where provisional release is ordered is a substantive change and does not validate pre amendment seizures prolonged without notice.
Case Laws Income Tax
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Prima facie adjustments cannot decide debatable legal claims in return processing; contested deductions require scrutiny procedures.
When a claimed deduction depends on timely deposit of employee welfare contributions and the legal question is debatable or pending higher adjudication, summary processing adjustments cannot be used to resolve the dispute; such matters require scrutiny or reassessment procedures and the validity of any processing-stage action must be judged by the law and facts existing at the time of processing.
Case Laws GST
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Survey discovered unaccounted stock must be assessed under sections 35(6) and 73/74, not via section 130.
Tax liability for unaccounted goods found in a survey must be determined under section 35(6) read with sections 73/74 of the GST Act; section 130 cannot be used to quantify tax or levy penalty in such cases. The statutory cross reference to sections 73/74 requires adherence to their procedural safeguards, and quantification based solely on eye estimates during survey is insufficient without proper weighment or verification.
Case Laws GST
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Input Tax Credit fraud: writ relief limited where appeals exist; hearings and raw RUDs generally suffice absent prejudice.
The High Court held that writ jurisdiction must be exercised with restraint in complex ITC fraud matters appealable under Section 107; at least one personal hearing and provision of RUDs as collected by the Department generally suffice absent demonstrable prejudice; detailed allocation of penal liability under Sections 73/74/75(13)/122 requires adjudicatory or appellate factfinding and cannot be resolved in writ proceedings.
Case Laws GST
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Writ jurisdiction limited where statutory appeal exists for fact intensive GST fraud investigations; appellate forum preferred for evidentiary disputes.
The High Court reaffirmed that writ jurisdiction under Article 226 is generally inappropriate where a statutory appeal exists for fact intensive GST investigations alleging fraudulent availment of Input Tax Credit through fake invoices. Courts should confine review to jurisdictional defects or breaches of natural justice; detailed evidentiary disputes involving voluminous Relied Upon Documents, recorded statements and transaction chains are better resolved by the specialised appellate forum, which should hear appeals on merits and avoid dismissing on limitation grounds where appropriate.
Case Laws Income Tax
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Prospectivity of tax amendments: changes to accumulation rules apply from their effective date, not to prior accruals.
Interpretation of section 11(3) concludes that, under the pre-amendment text, accumulated charitable funds could be applied in the year immediately following the five-year accumulation period; the 2022/2023 amendment removing that year was treated as prospective under the presumption against retrospective tax imposition. Separately, corrections by the Centralised Processing Centre under section 143(1) are confined to mechanistic errors and should not resolve debatable substantive questions of statutory interpretation.
Case Laws Income Tax
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Condonation of delay in tax exemption claims should favor substantive rights over mere technical filing defects when bona fide.
Equitable application of the Condonation Power requires authorities to admit late Form No.10B filings when short delays or credible explanations would otherwise strip claimants of substantive exemption rights; procedural defects such as digital-signature technicalities must be tested against documentary e-filing evidence and substantial compliance, while administrative safeguards permit subsequent verification of the audit report.
Case Laws Customs
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Imported second hand MFDs meeting HSE technical criteria can be exempt from BIS registration and obtain conditional provisional release.
Where importers produce prima facie evidence that imported second hand MFDs meet the Highly Specialized Equipment (HSE) criteria (limited units per model and physical thresholds such as weight >80 kg), those devices are exempt from compulsory BIS registration under the CRO and fall within the FTP residuary category for second hand capital goods; accordingly, provisional release may be granted on conditions (bond/guarantee and document verification) without prejudice to final adjudication.
Case Laws Income Tax
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Royalty characterisation for software determines withholding-non exclusive copies/licenses generally not subject to TDS unless income is chargeable.
Payments for off the shelf/shrink wrapped software or hardware embedded software that constitute a resale of a copyrighted article or a grant of a non exclusive, restricted licence for internal use do not ordinarily constitute royalty under section 9(1)(vi) or typical DTAA provisions; withholding under section 195 arises only where the non resident's receipts are chargeable to tax in India (e.g., due to a PE or transfer of substantive copyright rights), and retrospective domestic amendments cannot be used to impose past withholding obligations on payors who lacked notice of the expanded definition.
Case Laws GST
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Provisional attachment limits: fixed statutory expiry prevents re-issuance of lapsed attachment orders on same property.
A provisional attachment under the CGST scheme automatically ceases on expiry of the statutory time limit; once it has lapsed by operation of law, tax authorities have no power to re issue or renew a fresh provisional attachment over the same property on substantially the same grounds, and any such fresh order is void. Procedural rules or executive instructions cannot be used to circumvent this statutory safeguard and must be aligned with the primary legislation.
Case Laws Income Tax
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Revisional jurisdiction cannot overturn a plausible assessment on charitable deductions where donation conditions are met.
Tribunals held that Explanation 2 limiting CSR expenditure as a business deduction operates within the business income chapter and does not ipso facto bar claims under the donations regime; specific statutory exceptions indicate Parliament's choice to restrict only certain items. A mandatory CSR outlay does not automatically negate donation character where there is no material return, provided donee approval and documentary evidence are established. On revisional power, section 263 cannot be invoked to overturn an assessing officer's tenable, precedent backed view where enquiries were made; revision is justified only if the AO's conclusion is legally untenable or there was no inquiry.

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OTHER CHANGES PROPOSED IN THE CUSTOM NOTIFICATIONS

1 February, 2026

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Union Budget 2026-27 - Finance Bill, 2026

1. S. No. 69A of notification No. 25/2002 dated 1st March, 2002 is being modified to extend the BCD exemption currently available on capital goods for use in the manufacturing of Lithium- Ion Cells for batteries of Electrically Operated Vehicles, to cover batteries for stationary energy storage applications i.e. Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) also. This change is being made effective from 02.02.2026.

2. S. No. 334A is being introduced in TABLE I of notification No. 45/2025-Customs dated 24.10.2025 to extend BCD exemption to raw materials for manufacture of parts of aircraft for maintenance, repair, or overhauling of aircraft or components or parts of aircraft, including engines, provided that the goods are imported by Public Sector Units under the Ministry of Defence. This exemption is subject to following the procedure set out in the Customs (Import of Goods at Concessional Rate of Duty or for Specified End Use) Rules, 2022 (IGCRS Rules 2022). Further, the importer has to produce an end-use certificate from an officer not below the rank of Joint Secretary in the Ministry of Defence. This change is being made effective from 02.02.2026.75

3. S. No. 335A is being introduced in TABLE I of notification No. 45/2025-Customs dated 24.10.2025 to extend BCD exemption to components or parts, including engines, of aircraft, for the manufacture of aircraft and parts thereof, provided that the importer adheres to the procedure set out in the IGCRS Rules 2022. This change is being made effective from 02.02.2026.

4. The exemption under S.No. 66 of TABLE II in notification No. 45/2025-Customs has been modified to cover goods required for setting up of specified Nuclear Power Project, irrespective of their capacity, as certified by an officer not below the rank of a Joint Secretary to the Government of India in the Department of Atomic Energy. Further, the validity of this exemption is being extended from 30.09.2027 to 30.09.2035. The eligibility of contracts covered under the scope of this exemption is also being extended to all contracts registered with the Customs Houses concerned on or before 30.09.2035. This change is being made effective from 02.02.2026.

5. The List 3 appended to TABLE I of notification No. 45/2025-Customs dated 24.10.2025 has been modified to include 17 new drugs/medicines for extending BCD exemption. This change is being made effective from 02.02.2026.

6. The List 22 appended to TABLE I of notification No. 45/2025-Customs dated 24.10.2025 has been modified to include 7 rare diseases that are a part of National Policy for Rare Disease (NPRD), 2021 for extending custom duty exemption on drugs, medicines and food for special medical purposes, when imported for personal use. This change is being made effective from 02.02.2026

7. Notification No. 36/2024-Customs dated 23.07.2024 was issued to exempt 55 groups of critical minerals from Basic Customs Duty and Social Welfare Surcharge. As a simplification measure, 29 entries of this notification are being been omitted with effect from 01.05.2026 by shifting the effective rates to the Tariff itself. Further, 22 redundant entries are being omitted from this notification with effect from 02.02.2026. In addition, the following three entries are being merged in notification No. 45/2025-Customs dated 24.10.2025, with effect from 02.02.2026. As a consequence, notification No. 36/2024-Customs is proposed to be rescinded with effect from 01.05.2026.

Sl.No.

S. No. of notification No. 36/2024- Customs

Description

1.

38

Salts of oxometallic or peroxometallic acids of Beryllium and Rhenium

[vide insertion of S.No. 110B in TABLE I of notification No. 45/2025-Customs dated 24.10.2025]

2.

39

Compounds, inorganic or organic of rare earth metals

[vide insertion of S.No. 111A in TABLE I of notification No. 45/2025-Customs dated 24.10.2025]

3.

55

Unwrought; waste and scrap; powders of: —

(i) Gallium

(ii) Germanium

(iii) Indium

(iv) Niobium

(v) Vanadium

[vide insertion of S.No. 226A in TABLE I of notification No. 45/2025-Customs dated 24.10.2025]

Note: Effective BCD rates will remain the same.

 


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Union Budget 2026-27 - Finance Bill, 2026

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Acts Income Tax