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    Presumption of culpable mental state shifts evidentiary burden to accused to disprove intent beyond reasonable doubt.
    Clause 490 mandates that once the prosecution establishes the actus reus, the court shall presume the existence of a culpable mental state-broadly defined to include intention, motive, knowledge, belief and reason to believe-and permits the accused to rebut that presumption only by proving absence of such mental state beyond reasonable doubt.
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    Presumption regarding assets and documents found in searches shifts evidentiary burden, now including virtual digital assets.
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    Presumption of karta guilt shifts evidential burden, requiring demonstration of due diligence to avoid prosecution.
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    Where a company commits an income-tax offence, the company and every person who was in charge of, and responsible to, the company for the conduct of the business at the time are statutorily deemed guilty and liable to prosecution, subject to a defence that the individual lacked knowledge or exercised all due diligence to prevent the offence; separate liability arises where the offence occurred with the consent, connivance, or neglect of officers, companies are punishable by fine while individuals may face full penal consequences, and definitions explicitly include firms and associations of persons.
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    Enhanced penalties for repeat tax offences impose mandatory imprisonment and fine upon subsequent convictions under specified tax provisions.
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    Abetment of false returns: broadened criminal exposure for facilitators with mandatory imprisonment and fines for culpable conduct.
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    Falsification of accounting records: criminal liability for wilful false entries intended to enable another person to evade tax.
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    False verification offences: criminal liability requires proved knowledge or recklessness, with graded imprisonment and mandatory fines.
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    Willful failure to produce accounts triggers criminal liability including imprisonment and mandatory fine under the new tax provision.
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    Wilful failure to furnish return in search cases creates criminal liability, exposing taxpayers to imprisonment and fines.
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    Willful failure to file returns attracts graded criminal penalties including imprisonment and fine; an extended cure period limits prosecutions.
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    Wilful tax evasion criminalisation: updated offence framework tightens penalties and preserves additional monetary sanctions for deliberate under-reporting.
    Clause 478 establishes an offence of wilful attempt to evade tax, penalty, or interest, including under-reporting, distinguishing evasion of liability from evasion of payment. It prescribes graded sentences with discretionary fines and makes offenders liable to any other penalties under the Act. The provision's inclusive definition-false entries, false statements, wilful omissions, and other enabling circumstances-broadens prosecutorial scope while retaining the requirement to prove mens rea and preserving procedural safeguards for prosecution.
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    Failure to remit tax collected at source: criminal liability retained with a filing linked safe harbour to encourage timely compliance.
    Clause 477 criminalizes failure to remit tax collected at source, adopting a strict liability approach that imposes custodial sentence and fine while offering a statutory safe harbour where TCS is deposited on or before the time prescribed for filing the TCS statement, thereby aligning penal consequences and procedural exemption with the existing framework.
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    Criminal liability for failure to remit TDS expands enforcement and broadens managerial responsibility, with strict penalties.
    Clause 476 criminalizes failure to deposit taxes deducted or collected at source under Chapter XIX-B, extending liability to those who "pay or ensure payment" and prescribing rigorous imprisonment and fine. A proviso bars prosecution if the tax is credited to the Central Government on or before the time prescribed for filing the relevant TDS statement, while cross references to notes and tables expand the catalogue of covered transactions and may complicate interpretation.
    Act RulesBills
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    Fraudulent asset dissipation criminalized: intent-based offence bars transfers aimed at defeating prescribed tax recovery proceedings.
    Clause 475 penalizes the fraudulent removal, concealment, transfer, or delivery of any property or interest with the intent to prevent it from being taken in execution of a prescribed recovery certificate, requiring proof of deceitful intent and applying to tangible and intangible interests; it retains the punitive framework of rigorous imprisonment and fine while replacing an explicit Second Schedule reference with a flexible "as prescribed" linkage to recovery procedures.
    Act RulesBills
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    Failure to provide inspection facilities criminalises obstruction during tax inspections, attracting imprisonment and fine under the new bill.
    Clause 474 of the Income Tax Bill, 2025, makes it an offence to fail to afford an authorised officer the necessary facility to inspect books of account or other documents under section 247(1)(b)(ii), punishable with rigorous imprisonment for up to two years and a fine. The clause largely mirrors Section 275B of the 1961 Act, raises interpretive issues about the definition of "necessary facility" and mens rea, and creates potential overlaps with other penal provisions, while preserving continuity in enforcement policy.
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    Contravention of tax authority orders may attract imprisonment and fine under the new income tax framework.
    Clause 473 establishes an offence for contravening orders under section 247(1)(viii) or (4), penalising such contraventions with rigorous imprisonment up to the statutory maximum and a fine. The clause focuses on breaches concerning custody, retention, or handling of assets or records during investigative processes. It does not specify mens rea or procedural attributes such as cognizability or bailability, so application and defences will be shaped by judicial interpretation and the Bill's broader procedural framework.
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    Limitation period for tax penalties: quarter based uniform timeline aligns penalty orders with assessment and appellate outcomes.
    Clause 472 standardises the limitation for imposing tax penalties by prescribing a uniform six month period measured from the end of the quarter tied to the completion of proceedings, appellate or revisional orders, or issuance of a penalty notice; it permits revision of penalty orders to reflect subsequent assessment modifications, mandates a reasonable opportunity to be heard before adverse penalty action, and excludes rehearing and judicial stay periods from limitation computation.
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    Natural justice in tax penalties: hearing rights and hierarchical approval govern imposition and administrative oversight under new bill.
    Clause 471 requires that no penalty be imposed without the assessee being heard or given a reasonable opportunity, mandates prior Joint Commissioner approval for penalties exceeding specified officer thresholds, and requires that penalty orders passed by authorities other than the Assessing Officer be sent to the Assessing Officer. It mirrors core safeguards of the existing law but omits scheme enabling provisions for faceless, technology driven procedures and transitional rules, creating potential uncertainties over thresholds, definition of reasonable opportunity, procedural delays, and modernization.

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      Withdrawal of Anti-Dumping Duty - Designated Authority has no power to give retrospective relief

      28 September, 2016

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      M/s. Surabhi Enterprises Pvt. Ltd. and M/s. Sanjay Chemicals Versus Designated Authority, Directorate General of Anti-Dumping and Allied Duties Ministry of Finance and others - 2016 (9) TMI 1123 - CESTAT NEW DELHI

      The Anti-Dumping duty was imposed on imports of Sodium Tripoly Phospate (STPP) originated in or exported from China PR vide Customs Notification No. 58/2011-Cus dated 8.7.2011

      Thereafter, on 21.7.2011 a request came from Indian manufacturers i.e. M/s. Tata Chemical Ltd. and M/s. Rhodia Specialty Chemicals India Ltd. intimating the Designated Authority that the   production of STPP was stopped by them with effect from 1.3.2011 and the Anti-Dumping duty imposed, based upon the Final Finding of the Designated Authority may be withdrawn in the interest of larger public.

      Based upon the above request of the Indian Manufacturers, the Designated Authority initiated the mid-term review on 22.9.2011 and conducted investigation. Accordingly, after notifying the known exporters or producers of the subject goods in the Subject Country and known domestic importers and after taking into consideration the entire facts and circumstances, it was concluded by the Designated Authority  that with the stoppage of production of STPP by M/s. Tata Chemicals Ltd. and M/s. Rhodia Specialty Chemicals India Ltd. and there being no other known manufacturer for the said goods, there was no justification for continuation of the Anti-Dumping duty.

      Accordingly, vide his Final Finding dated 10.2.2012, he recommended withdrawal of Anti-Dumping duty, which was originally recommended by the Designated Authority vide earlier Final Finding dated 3.5.2011, on the basis of which Customs Notification No. 58/2011-Cus dated 8.7.2011 was issued.

      Based upon the above recommendations of the Designated Authority, Government of India vide its notification No. 13/2012-Cus (ADD) dated 22.2.2012 rescinded the earlier notification No. 58/2011-CUs dated 8.7.2011 except as respects things done or omitted to be done before such rescission.

      The Appellant is aggrieved with the said exception clause of the Notification and it is their plea that the Designated Authority should have recommended withdrawal of the Anti-Dumping duty with retrospective effect.

      The appellants grievance is that such recommendations to discontinue the Anti-Dumping duty should have been with retrospective effect inasmuch as it is the Designated Authority itself, who has observed that had the Indian manufacturers informed the Designated Authority during the period of first investigations, the investigation might have been discontinued.

      Tribunal observed that:-

      Based upon mid term review, the Designated Authority could not have upset, its own Final Finding recorded in original investigation, inasmuch as having not put to challenge the same had attained finality. He has rightly observed that there is no provision under Rules empowering the Designated Authority to recommend discontinuation of Anti Dumping Duty with retrospective effect. In other words, Rule 14 enabling power of Designated authority to terminate the proceedings is not available for review proceedings in terms of Rule 23.

      Therefore, withdrawal of anti dumping duty on Sodium Tripoly Phospate (STPP) shall have prospective effect only.

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      ActsIncome Tax