Scope of supply under GST includes consideration-based transactions, importation of services, and specified free supplies.
The statutory definition of supply under the Model GST Law comprises three categories: supplies for consideration in the course or furtherance of business (sale, transfer, barter, exchange, licence, rental, lease or disposal); importation of services regardless of consideration or business purpose; and specified supplies made without consideration as listed in Schedule I. Clause (a) targets domestic, consideration-based transactions; clause (b) treats importation of services as separately taxable; and clause (c) assimilates certain gratuitous transactions into the tax net via Schedule I.

Classification of floating vessels as immovable property may exclude their sale from GST law taxation.
The tribunal held that ships and vessels afloat are not 'goods' but are akin to immovable property because they cannot be severed from the waters; ships are goods only before launch, during breaking up, or when specifically the subject of a sale. As immovable property lies outside the GST domain under the constitutional allocation, this classification raises the question whether GST would apply to sale or supply of floating vessels-a point pending higher judicial scrutiny.

Adjustment of excess service tax permitted as alternative to refund under liberal interpretation of procedural rules.
A liberal reading of Rule 6(3) of the Service Tax Rules, 1994 permits adjustment of excess service tax paid against future liabilities when facts show an excess payment, rather than restricting the assessee solely to a refund claim, consistent with constitutional limits on taxation and the Revenue's concession of excess payment.

Foreign tax credit conversion uses telegraphic transfer buying rate on the last day of preceding month.
Foreign tax credit is determined by converting the currency of the foreign-tax payment at the telegraphic transfer buying rate applicable on the last day of the month immediately preceding the month in which that tax is paid or deducted.

Foreign Tax Credit documentation: verified income statement plus certificate and payment or deduction proof to claim credit.
Foreign Tax Credit eligibility requires a verified statement of foreign income and foreign tax paid in the prescribed form, plus a certificate or statement specifying the nature of the income and tax deducted or paid issued by the foreign tax authority, the person who deducted the tax, or signed by the taxpayer, accompanied by a tax challan or online payment acknowledgement for payments and proof of deduction where tax was withheld.

Foreign tax credit allowed against MAT/AMT like normal tax, but any excess over normal provisions is ignored.
Foreign tax credit under Rule 128 of the Income tax Rules, 1962, is allowable against tax payable under MAT or AMT in the same manner as under the normal provisions; any foreign tax credit available against MAT/AMT that exceeds the credit allowable under normal provisions is ignored when computing MAT/AMT credit.

Foreign tax credit: credit limited to lower of domestic tax and foreign tax; treaty excess is disregarded.
Rule 128 of the Income tax Rules, 1962 limits Foreign Tax Credit to the lesser of domestic tax chargeable on the doubly taxed income and the foreign tax actually paid, and directs that any foreign tax paid in excess of the tax payable under the applicable DTAA be ignored for credit computation.

Foreign Tax Credit denial: no credit for domestic interest, fees or penalties and for disputed foreign taxes.
Rule 128 restricts Foreign Tax Credit by disallowing FTC against interest, fees or penalties payable under the Income-tax Act, and by excluding any foreign tax (or part thereof) that is disputed by the assessee.

Foreign Tax Credit requires evidence of settlement, proof of payment and an undertaking within six months of dispute resolution.
Foreign Tax Credit (FTC) is allowed for disputed foreign tax only if, within six months from the end of the month in which the dispute is finally settled, the assessee furnishes evidence of settlement, evidence that the tax liability has been discharged by the assessee, and an undertaking that no refund in respect of that amount has been or will be claimed.

Foreign tax definition determines FTC scope: DTAA-covered taxes apply, otherwise income-tax-type foreign levies qualify for credit.
Definition of foreign tax for Foreign Tax Credit under Rule 128: where a DTAA exists, foreign tax is the tax covered by that DTAA; where no DTAA exists, foreign tax is the tax payable under the foreign country's law in the nature of income-tax as defined in the statutory explanation, including excess profits tax or business profits tax charged on profits by central or local authorities.

Foreign tax credit proportionate allocation ensures foreign tax relief is apportioned when income is taxed across multiple years.
Foreign tax credit under the Income tax Rules operates on a proportionate allocation principle when the same income is taxable in more than one year; the credit entitlement must be apportioned across the years in which the income is offered to tax so that relief for foreign taxes corresponds to the portion of income taxed in each year.

Foreign tax credit allowed when foreign tax corresponds to income offered or assessed to tax in India in the same year.
Foreign tax credit is available to Indian residents for tax paid in a foreign country or specified territory, and is allowed only in the year when the corresponding income is offered to tax or assessed to tax in India, creating a temporal link between domestic taxation of the income and recognition of the foreign tax credit.

Inspection of prosecution work: ensure compliance with prosecution guidelines and address pendency and non-compliance in tax enforcement.
Inspection of prosecution work requires the Director General, Directorate of Performance Management and Chief Commissioners to inspect Commissionerates to verify scrupulous compliance with the Circular's guidelines for launching prosecution. Inspections must examine reasons for pendency and non-compliance in prosecution cases and ensure recording of statistical data during field visits to support oversight of prosecution performance.

Compounding of offences: administrative authorities may permit settlement by payment and written offer when prosecution is initiated.
Compounding of offences for evasion under central excise and service tax allows the Principal Chief/Chief Commissioner to compound offences on payment of the compounding amount; Section 9A(2) of the Central Excise Act as applied to service tax via section 83 of the Finance Act authorises this, and circulars require that persons against whom prosecution is initiated or contemplated be informed in writing of the offer to compound.

Prosecution guidelines: sanctions granted after the circular govern cases regardless of offence date, with sanctioned cases reviewed.
Prosecution guidelines apply to all cases where sanction for prosecution is accorded after the circular's issue date, and such cases must be prosecuted according to the circular regardless of the offence date. Sanctioning authorities must review cases in which prosecution has been sanctioned but no complaint filed, reassessing them against the circular's provisions before any complaint is presented.

Withdrawal of prosecution permitted after final exoneration in parallel quasi judicial proceedings; formal application required to seek withdrawal.
Withdrawal of prosecution is permitted where identical allegations led to the noticee's exoneration in quasi judicial proceedings and that order is final; the senior tax or investigative leadership shall direct the commissionerate to file an application through the public prosecutor requesting judicial permission to withdraw the complaint in accordance with law and prosecution guidelines.

Publication of convicted persons' names may be sought by the department through courts under central excise and service tax law.
Power exists under the Central Excise statutory framework, as applied to service tax by the Finance Act, to publish the name and place of business of persons convicted under the relevant enactments; courts have exercised this power sparingly, and the department is directed to request courts to invoke this publication power in deserving cases for all convicted persons.

Prosecution monitoring: Principal Commissioners must track and review cases monthly to ensure satisfactory progress.
The Principal Commissioner/Commissioner must monitor prosecution files monthly, take corrective action where necessary, and inspect the prosecution register in the Prosecution Cell at least once every quarter. Designated supervisors in zonal investigative units must oversee prosecution work. Prosecution registers in prescribed formats are to be maintained, regularly updated and kept in the Commissionerate Prosecution Cell and in zonal units to enable systematic tracking of prosecution cases.

Prosecution Sanction: mens rea and evidentiary sufficiency determine whether tax evasion prosecution proceeds.
Prosecution proposals for service tax or excise evasion must be examined and forwarded by the adjudicating authority to the sanctioning Principal Chief/Chief Commissioner or Principal/Director General; prosecution requires evidence of mens rea and should not be launched in purely technical or interpretation disputes. Criminal standards (beyond reasonable doubt) must be weighed separately from adjudication findings; prosecution may be initiated before adjudication in serious cases. Investigation reports must be prepared within one month and sanction obtained prior to filing; authorised officers must secure exhibits and coordinate with public prosecutors, with reporting obligations for delays and monthly updates to the sanctioning authority.

Sanction for prosecution: designated senior authorities must authorize and formalize prosecution before filing criminal complaints.
Sanction for prosecution is required before initiating criminal complaints in service tax and central excise matters. The Principal Chief/Chief Commissioner must sanction routine cases, while the Principal Director General/Director General, CEI must sanction cases investigated by the Directorate General of Central Excise Intelligence. The sanctioning authority issues a written order and forwards it to the Commissionerate for expeditious filing of the complaint.