Income exclusions from total income: targeted, conditional exemptions rely on prescribed procedures and cross referenced regulations.
Schedule III excludes specified categories of receipts from total income for designated eligible persons, linking each excluded income to eligible person categories and conditional provisos. It covers personal reliefs (pensions, allowances, capped partial NPS withdrawals), partnership and family allocations, disaster compensation, conditional sectoral subsidies and institutional exemptions (research, khadi, securitisation, investor protection and settlement funds), and relies on prescribed procedures, certificates and cross references to subordinate legislation for operability.

Life insurance exemption tightened by period, premium ratio and aggregate premium tests, altering tax treatment of policy and IFSC receipts.
Schedule II excludes specified classes of income from total income while imposing conditional tests on life insurance and retirement/savings receipts. Life insurance exclusions depend on policy issue periods, premium to sum assured ratios, aggregate premium ceilings and express ineligibility for certain receipts. Provident fund interest attributable to large post cut off contributions is excluded from exemption with the non excluded portion to be computed as prescribed. The Schedule adds an equalisation levy exclusion interacting with treaty notifications and treats IFSC issued policies differently under a targeted aggregate premium carve out.

Business connection safe harbour for non-resident funds: compliance thresholds determine Indian tax nexus exclusion.
The Schedule establishes a safe harbour whereby certain non-resident investment funds and eligible fund managers will not constitute a business connection in India if they satisfy exhaustive investor-composition, concentration, corpus, independence, non-control, prohibited-associate-investment and arm's-length remuneration conditions, with specified carve-outs, transitional reliefs, registration requirements under prescribed securities-regulator frameworks, and filing and record keeping obligations to substantiate compliance.

Savings on repeal preserve procedural and substantive continuity for matters tied to earlier tax years under the repealed regime.
The repeal provision preserves continuation of rights, obligations and proceedings relating to tax years beginning before the statutory cut-off by deeming prior actions, elections, penalties, refunds, recovery, carry-forwards of losses, credits and depreciation to remain effective and by allowing pending and certain later-initiated proceedings to be conducted under the repealed procedural rules; it invokes the General Clauses Act for repeal effect and specifies fallback mechanics for schemes where no corresponding provision exists in the new Act.

Presumption of ownership and authenticity expands to electronic records, increasing evidentiary weight in tax proceedings.
The provision establishes rebuttable presumptions in proceedings under the Income tax enactment that items found in a search or survey-or delivered to a requisitioning officer-belong to the person in whose possession or control they are found and that books, documents, signatures and executions are true/authentic; the enacted text expressly extends those presumptions to electronic information and computer systems and adds a specific presumption that recorded electronic exchanges are exchanged between the purported parties.

Authorised representative rules limit who may represent taxpayers, set disqualification grounds, and preserve appeal rights.
The provision permits an assessee to attend proceedings before income tax authorities and the Appellate Tribunal through an authorised representative drawn from an enumerated list, subject to written authorisation and exclusions; personal attendance is required where examination on oath or affirmation is mandated. The definition of authorised representative and of "accountant" contains specific exceptions to prevent conflicts of interest, while disqualification rules-based on dismissal from service, insolvency, specified convictions or prior penalties-apply with procedural safeguards including opportunity to be heard and a one month appeal to the Board. Several qualifications and categories are to be determined by subordinate prescription, and transitional cross references to prior statutes determine legacy practitioner recognition.

Country-by-country reporting requires Indian resident entities to notify authorities and file consolidated international group reports.
Section 511 establishes a country by country reporting regime requiring Indian resident constituent entities with non resident parents to notify the prescribed income tax authority regarding designation as an alternate reporting entity and to provide parent/alternate details, while Indian resident parent or alternate reporting entities must furnish consolidated reports in the prescribed form and manner; fallback filing applies where foreign jurisdictions do not file or exchange reports or where a systemic failure is intimated, and exemptions apply if consolidated group revenue falls below a prescribed threshold.

Information-furnishing obligation: Indian concerns must produce prescribed documents when foreign interests derive value from India assets.
An information-furnishing obligation requires an Indian concern to provide prescribed information or documents to the prescribed income-tax authority when a foreign company's or entity's shares or interests derive substantially their value from assets located in India and those assets are held, directly or indirectly, through the Indian concern; specific documents, the authority, the period and the manner of furnishing are to be specified by subordinate prescription.

Reporting obligation for liaison offices: annual statement to tax authorities subject to deadlines and particulars as prescribed.
Non-residents with RBI/FEMA authorised liaison offices must annually prepare and deliver to the Assessing Officer a statement of the office's activities for the tax year in such form, containing such particulars and within such period as may be prescribed, with the deadline and particulars to be specified by subordinate legislation rather than fixed in the statute.

Provisional attachment protects revenue during assessments, requiring competent authority approval and revocation on provision of bank guarantees.
Clause 500 permits an Assessing Officer, with prior Competent Authority approval and by written order, to provisionally attach property during assessment, reassessment of escaped income or specified penalty proceedings; attachment follows the statutory attachment procedure and valuation by a Valuation Officer. Attachment is revocable on furnishing a scheduled bank guarantee generally equal to fair market value (or a lower guarantee if accepted); guarantees may be invoked on default. Temporal limits apply (initial six months with limited extensions) and proceeds are adjusted against existing demands with balances deposited in designated accounts.

Presumption as to assets extended to electronic information and computer systems when tendered as prosecutorial evidence.
The statute extends the evidentiary presumption applicable to assets, books of account and documents found in searches or taken into custody to include information in electronic form and computer systems, applying the presumptive framework when such items are tendered in evidence and qualifying that application by the phrase "so far as may be, apply"; the Act cross-references statutory definitions for electronic information and computer systems to ensure consistent meaning.

Karta liability and member culpability: members can be prosecuted regardless of Karta's due diligence defence under the revised provision.
The provision deems the Karta guilty for offences committed by an HUF unless he proves absence of knowledge or that he exercised all due diligence; members are separately liable if the offence was committed with their consent or connivance or is attributable to their neglect, and the Act clarifies that such member liability applies irrespective of both the Karta's deemed guilt and his due-diligence defence.

Corporate vicarious liability tightened: personal liability now operates notwithstanding due diligence where consent, connivance or neglect is shown.
Section 487 creates both a deeming rule treating companies and those in charge as guilty for corporate tax offences and a separate personal-liability route making directors, managers, secretaries, officers, partners and controlling members individually culpable where an offence is committed with their consent, connivance or attributable to their neglect; a statutory defence allows persons deemed guilty to avoid liability by proving lack of knowledge or that they exercised all due diligence, but the enacted text makes the personal-liability route operate irrespective of the deeming rule and the due diligence defence.

Abetment of false return: two-tier custodial penalties and fine where tax impact determines higher or lower sentencing.
Abetment of false return criminalises abetting or inducing another to make a false tax-related account, statement or declaration where the abettor knows it is false or does not believe it to be true, and prescribes a two tier sentencing regime based on the monetary magnitude of tax, penalty or interest evaded or wilfully attempted to be evaded; textual differences between the Bill and the enacted section are limited to phrasing around liability to fine and an editorial sentence, with no observable change to imprisonment ranges or threshold.

Falsification of books: criminalises willful false entries to enable another's tax evasion, allowing prosecution without proving actual evasion.
Section 483 proscribes falsification of books or other documents when a person wilfully makes or causes a false entry or statement, knowing it to be false or not believing it to be true, with intent to enable another to evade tax, interest or penalty; the offence carries rigorous imprisonment and fine, and it is not necessary to prove that the other person actually succeeded in evading tax.

Failure to furnish tax returns: criminal penalties with tiered custody and limited safe harbour for late filing.
Criminal liability is imposed for wilful failure to furnish a required return of income, with a two-tiered custodial and fine regime linked to the amount of tax evaded. A limited bar to prosecution exists where the return is subsequently furnished within the procedural time references or, for non-companies, where the residual tax shortfall after qualifying payments falls below a de minimis threshold. The scope of the safe harbour depends on the timing rules in the cross referenced procedural subsection.

Wilful attempt to evade tax: criminalises deliberate falsification and omissions, with tiered imprisonment and fines.
Section 478 criminalises a wilful attempt to evade tax and wilful under reporting by prescribing tiered rigorous imprisonment and fines, and it lists illustrative acts-false entries, omissions, possession of falsified books and conduct enabling evasion. The Act relocates and rephrases fine and penalty preservation language into a standalone non prejudice clause and tightens causation wording in an illustrative sub clause. Definitions of key terms and procedural or evidentiary standards are not provided in the text.

Failure to remit tax collected at source criminalised, exposing collectors to imprisonment and fine; exception for timely remittance.
Failure to remit to Government the tax collected at source is a penal offence punishable by imprisonment and fine, targeting persons who collect tax at source and imposing personal liability for payment to Government credit. A narrow temporal exception excludes application where payment has been made on or before the time prescribed for filing the relevant statement, and the provision contains no mitigating grounds, mens rea gradation, or procedural compounding mechanisms.

Failure to remit withheld tax attracts criminal liability including imprisonment and fine; safe harbour if credited before filing deadline.
Failure to remit taxes deducted under Chapter XIX-B or required by specified Notes to the Table in section 393 constitutes a criminal offence punishable by rigorous imprisonment and fine; the offence applies where a person fails to pay amounts to the credit of the Central Government, subject to a temporal safe harbour if payment is made or credited on or before the time prescribed for filing the relevant statement.

Fraudulent disposition of property to frustrate tax execution now criminalised, tied specifically to a certificate drawn under section 413.
The offence criminalises anyone who fraudulently removes, conceals, transfers or delivers any property or interest therein with intent to prevent such property or interest from being taken in execution of a certificate drawn u/s 413; punishment is rigorous imprisonment up to two years and a fine. The enacted text replaces the Bill's broader "as prescribed" formulation with a direct reference to section 413, clarifying the instrument whose execution the offence seeks to frustrate. The clause contains no exceptions, definitions of "fraudulently," or evidentiary rules.