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Continuity of tax liability on business succession: successor taxed post succession and may bear predecessor's unrecoverable dues.
Clause 313 mandates that the predecessor is assessed for income up to the succession date and the successor for income thereafter in the same tax year; pending proceedings against the predecessor are deemed on the successor; if the predecessor cannot be found or dues are irrecoverable, assessment and recovery may be effected on the successor, who may then recover amounts from the predecessor. The clause explicitly includes gains from transfer in "income" and defines "pendency" for insolvency and tribunal contexts, aligning tax continuity with insolvency processes.
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Executor's right of recovery: statutory mechanism to reclaim taxes paid from the estate, subject to procedural adaptations.
Clause 312(7) makes Section 305 applicable to executors "so far as may be" in respect of tax paid or payable by them, treating executors as representative assessees and thereby enabling statutory recovery of taxes from the estate or beneficiaries while permitting necessary adaptations of procedures and raising questions on priority and apportionment in insolvent or contested estates.
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Taxation of deceased estates: executor liable for estate income until complete distribution, with legatee inclusion on distributed income.
Clause 312 taxes income of a deceased person's estate in the hands of the executor or administrator, with a single executor assessed as an individual and multiple executors as an association of persons; the executor is deemed to have the deceased's residential status for the tax year of death, assessments of estate income are separate from the executor's personal returns, separate assessments apply for each tax year or part thereof until complete distribution, and income distributed to specific legatees is excluded from the estate's income and included in the legatees' income.
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Joint and several liability of LLP partners applies where tax dues cannot be recovered from the LLP, subject to exculpation.
Clause 331 makes every person who was a partner of an LLP during the relevant tax year jointly and severally liable for any tax, penalty, interest, fees or other sums payable under the Income tax law that cannot be recovered from the LLP or relevant persons, expressly overriding LLP Act protections. Liability is triggered only after non recovery from the LLP and is rebuttable: a partner can escape liability by proving that the non recovery was not due to his gross neglect, misfeasance, or breach of duty.
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Taxation of AOPs/BOIs with unknown member shares: maximum marginal rate applied to deter tax avoidance.
Clause 311 mandates taxation of an AOP/BOI's total income at the maximum marginal rate where members' shares are indeterminate or unknown, and requires taxation at any higher rate applicable to any member; when shares are determinate, it taxes the whole income at the maximum marginal rate if a member's other income exceeds the exemption threshold, while portions attributable to members chargeable at higher rates are taxed at those higher rates, with a deeming provision treating shares as indeterminate if so at formation or thereafter.
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Firm taxation: firms taxed on total income at rates set annually in the Finance Act.
Clause 324 charges a firm which is assessable as a firm with tax on its total income at the rate specified in the Finance Act for the relevant year, applying only to entities that qualify as firms and requiring alignment with definitional, computation and allocation provisions elsewhere in the Act.
Act Rules Bills
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Representative assessee liability: authorities may use the same remedies against property under a representative's control to recover tax dues.
Clause 304(5) of the Income Tax Bill, 2025, mirrors Section 167 by empowering the Assessing Officer to exercise the same remedies in the same manner against all property vested in, or under the control or management of, a representative assessee as would be available against a person directly liable for tax, covering all kinds of property and applying regardless of whether the tax demand is raised against the representative or the beneficiary.
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Direct assessment empowers tax authorities to bypass representative assessees and pursue beneficiaries directly, preserving recovery powers.
Clause 304(3) (Income Tax Bill, 2025) and Section 166 (Income tax Act, 1961) are non obstante provisions empowering the AO to directly assess and recover tax from the person entitled to income, irrespective of the existence of a representative assessee; these powers are discretionary, cover both assessment and recovery, preserve procedural safeguards for the beneficiary, and operate as alternative (not cumulative) mechanisms to prevent revenue loss due to procedural technicalities or representative non cooperation.
Act Rules Bills
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Proportional apportionment clarifies how beneficiaries' trust distributions are computed for tax using a statutory formula.
Clause 304(4) prescribes that where only part of a trust's income is chargeable, the taxable portion of a beneficiary's receipts is determined by multiplying the beneficiary's receipt by the ratio of the trust's chargeable part to its whole income (A x C / B), thereby codifying proportional apportionment and imposing related recordkeeping and reporting obligations on trustees and representative assessees.
Act Rules Bills
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Taxation of oral trusts: income charged at the maximum marginal rate regardless of other provisions, deterring informal trusts.
Income from oral trusts is taxed at the maximum marginal rate under both Section 164A and Clause 308, with a non-obstante clause to override other provisions; Clause 308 modernises the framework by referring to the person appointed under an oral trust and centralising the definition, thereby broadening potential liability and simplifying enforcement while raising disclosure and evidentiary burdens on assessees.
Act Rules Bills
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Taxation of indeterminate-beneficiary trusts: highest marginal rate applies unless narrow bona fide exceptions permit AOP rate.
Clause 307 taxes income of representative assessees at the maximum marginal rate where beneficiaries or their shares are not expressly identifiable in the trust instrument or court order, with deeming provisions treating ambiguity as indeterminacy. Exceptions permit taxation at the AOP rate for beneficiaries below exemption limits and not under other trusts, sole will-declared trusts, bona fide pre-1970 family trusts for dependents, and bona fide employee benefit funds. Business profits are generally taxed at the maximum rate, except for sole testamentary trusts for dependent relatives which may get AOP treatment.
Act Rules Bills
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Agent of non resident: expanded definition enables tax assessment and recovery from connected persons and intermediaries.
The clause defines who may be regarded as an agent of a non resident for tax purposes, listing persons employed by or acting for the non resident, those having any business connection with the non resident, persons from or through whom the non resident receives income, trustees, and any person acquiring a capital asset in India by transfer; it excludes certain brokers and requires an opportunity of being heard before treating any person as an agent.
Act Rules Bills
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Representative assessee rights to recover or retain tax protect intermediaries and permit certified withholding pending final liability.
Clause 305 grants a representative assessee a statutory right to recover from the principal any sum paid under the Act or to retain an equivalent amount from monies in his possession; allows withholding of an estimated liability prior to assessment; authorizes obtaining an Assessing Officer's certificate to fix the amount eligible for retention pending settlement; and limits recoverable liability to the certificate amount except insofar as the representative then holds additional assets of the principal.
Act Rules Bills
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Representative assessee liability clarified: apportionment formula and direct beneficiary assessment enhance tax recovery powers.
Representative assessees are treated as if represented income were received beneficially by them, making them liable to assessment and recovery in their name in a representative capacity; a bar on double assessment applies. The Assessing Officer may directly assess or recover tax from the beneficiary, and may use the same remedies against property under the representative's control as against property of any taxpayer. For partly chargeable trust income the Clause prescribes a formula to apportion each beneficiary's taxable share, while omitting the prior maximum marginal rate rule for trustees' business income.
Act Rules Bills
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Representative assessee provisions modernized: agents, guardians and trustees held liable for tax compliance and assessment.
Clause 303 designates specified persons as representative assessees-agents of non-residents, guardians/managers for minors and persons of unsound mind, court-appointed managers and trustees of written and oral trusts-and deems each representative to be an assessee for all purposes, including filing returns, payment of tax, and submission to assessment and appeal proceedings; it also provides a deeming mechanism allowing informal trusts to be treated as written trusts when a written statement is submitted to the Assessing Officer within prescribed timelines.
Act Rules Bills
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Continuity of tax liability: legal representatives remain liable for deceased's tax obligations, limited to the estate, with exceptions.
Clause 302 establishes that the legal representative is liable for any sum the deceased would have owed, is deemed to be an assessee, and that pending or potential assessments may be continued or initiated against the legal representative; liability is ordinarily limited to the estate's capacity but personal liability arises where the representative alienates or charges estate assets while liabilities remain, capped at the value of the asset so alienated.
Act Rules Bills
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Saving clause preserves general tax provisions in search assessments unless the special chapter expressly overrides them.
Clause 300 and Section 158BH operate as a saving clause preserving applicability of all general provisions of the Act to assessments under the special search chapter, except where the special chapter expressly provides otherwise; this ensures procedural, substantive and remedial provisions (notice, appeals, penalties, recovery, limitation rules) continue to apply unless specifically overridden, while raising interpretive issues about the extent of overriding effect, classification of provisions as procedural or substantive, and transitional application under the new Bill.
Act Rules Bills
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Authority for block assessments: senior officer decision plus prior supervisory approval required to validate search based assessments.
Orders assessing undisclosed income in search cases must be passed by an Assessing Officer at or above specified senior ranks and only with the previous approval of a higher authority; Clause 299 of the Income Tax Bill, 2025 carries forward this core framework from Section 158BG while aligning applicability to the commencement of the new Act. The requirement that approvals reflect a genuine application of mind, clear documentation of the approval process, and management of transitional cases are central operative obligations.
Act Rules Bills
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Interest and penalty in search assessments: revised rules mandate monthly interest and a fixed half tax penalty with a compliance safe harbor.
Clause 298 retains the Section 158BFA framework by charging simple interest on tax determined on undisclosed income for delay or non-filing after a search notice and imposing a fixed penalty equal to fifty percent of tax on undisclosed income, while providing a safe harbor where return is filed, tax paid with evidence and no appeal is filed; procedural safeguards include a right to be heard, supervisory approval for larger penalties, exclusion of rehearing and court stay periods from limitation, and mandatory communication of penalty orders to the Assessing Officer.
Act Rules Bills
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Relief from interest and penalty: block-period undisclosed income in search assessments taxed without additional interest or penalty.
Clause 297 exempts assessees from interest and penalty for undisclosed income assessed or reassessed for the block period in search and seizure proceedings, limiting relief to block-period income and applying to both initial block assessments and reassessments while leaving regular assessments and other penalties unaffected.

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CUSTOMS - OTHER PROPOSALS INVOLVING CHANGES IN BASIC CUSTOMS DUTY RATES IN NOTIFICATIONS

24 July, 2024

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Union Budget 2024-25 (Full) + FINANCE (No.2) Bill, 2024

A.

Changes in Basic Customs Duty (to be effective from 24.07.2024)

Rates of Duty

S. No.

Chapter, Heading, sub- heading, tariff item

Commodity

From

To

I.

 

Agricultural Products

 

 

1.

1207 99 90

Shea nuts

30%

15%

II.

 

Aquafarming & Marine Exports

 

 

1.

0306 36

Live SPF Vannamei shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) broodstock

10%

5%

2.

0306 36

Live Black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) broodstock

10%

5%

3.

0306 36 60

Artemia

5%

Nil

4.

0511 91 40

Artemia cysts

5%

Nil

5.

0308 90 00

SPF Polychaete worms

30%

5%

6.

1504 20

 Fish lipid oil for use in manufacture of aquatic feed

15%

Nil

7.

1504 20

 Crude fish oil for use in manufacture of aquatic feed

30%

Nil

8.

1518

Algal Oil for use in manufacture of aquatic feed

15%

Nil

9.

2102 20 00

Algal Prime (flour) for use in manufacture of aquatic feed

15%

Nil

10.

2309 90 90

Mineral and Vitamin Premixes for use in manufacture of aquatic feed

5%

Nil

11.

2301 10 90

Insect meal for use in Research & Development purposes in aquatic feed manufacturing

15%

5%

12.

2309 90 90

Single Cell Protein from Natural Gas for use in Research & Development purposes in aquatic feed manufacturing

15%

5%

13.

2301 20

Krill Meal for use in manufacture of aquatic feed

5%

Nil

14.

1901

Pre-dust breaded powder for use in processing of sea-food

30%

Nil

15.

2309 90 31

Prawn and shrimps feed

15%

5%

16.

2309 90 39

Fish feed

15%

5%

III.

 

Critical Minerals

 

 

1.

2504

Natural Graphite

5%

2.5%

2.

2505

Natural sands of all kinds, whether or not coloured, other than metal bearing sands of chapter 26 of The Customs tariff Act, 1975

5%

Nil

3.

2506

Quartz (other than natural sands); quartzite, whether or not roughly trimmed or merely cut, by sawing or otherwise, into blocks or slabs of a rectangular (including square) shape

5%

2.5%

4.

2530 90 91

Strontium sulphate (natural ore)

5%

Nil

5.

2603 00 00

Copper ores and concentrates

2.5%

Nil

6.

2605 00 00

Cobalt ores and concentrates

2.5%

Nil

7.

2609 00 00

Tin ores and Concentrates

2.5%

Nil

8.

2611 00 00

Tungsten Ores and Concentrates

2.5%

Nil

9.

2613

Molybdenum ores and concentrates

2.5%

Nil

10.

2615 10 00

Zirconium ores and concentrates

2.5%

Nil

11.

2615 90

Hafnium Ores and concentrates

2.5%

Nil

12.

2615 90 10

Vanadium ores and concentrates

2.5%

Nil

13.

2615 90 20

Niobium or tantalum ores and concentrates

2.5%

Nil

14.

2617

Antimony Ores and Concentrates

2.5%

Nil

15.

2804 50 20

Tellurium

5%

Nil

16.

2804 61 00

Silicon, containing by weight not less than 99.99% of silicon

5%

Nil

17.

2804 69 00

Other silicon

5%

Nil

18.

2804 90 00

Selenium

5%

Nil

19.

2805 30 00

Alkali or alkaline earth metals, Rare-earth metals, scandium and yttrium, whether or not intermixed or inter alloyed

5%

Nil

20.

2811 22 00

Silicon dioxide

7.5%

2.5%

21.

2815 20 00

Potassium hydroxide

7.5%

Nil

22.

2816 40 00

Oxides, hydroxides and peroxides, of strontium or barium

7.5%

Nil

23.

2822 00 10

Cobalt oxides

7.5%

Nil

24.

2822 00 20

Cobalt hydroxides

7.5%

Nil

25.

2822 00 30

Commercial cobalt oxides

7.5%

Nil

26.

2825 20 00

Lithium oxide and hydroxide

7.5%

Nil

27.

2825 30

Vanadium oxides and hydroxides

2.5%/7.5%

Nil

28.

2825 60 10

Germanium oxides

7.5%

Nil

29.

2825 70

Molybdenum oxides and hydroxides

7.5%

Nil

30.

2825 80 00

Antimony oxides

7.5%

Nil

31.

2825 90 20

Cadmium oxides

7.5%

Nil

32.

2827 35 00

Chlorides of Nickel

7.5%

Nil

33.

2827 39 30

Strontium chloride

7.5%

Nil

34.

2833 24 00

Sulphates of Nickel

7.5%

Nil

35.

2834 21 00

Nitrates of potassium

7.5%

Nil

36.

2836 91 00

Lithium carbonates

7.5%

Nil

37.

2836 92 00

Strontium carbonates

7.5%

Nil

38.

2841 90 00

Salts of oxometallic or peroxometallic acids of Beryllium and Rhenium

7.5%

Nil

39.

2846

Compounds, inorganic or organic of rare earth metals

7.5%

Nil

40.

2918 15 30

Bismuth citrate

7.5%

Nil

41.

3801

Artificial Graphite, colloidal or semi-colloidal graphite, preparations based on graphite or other carbon in form of pastes, blocks, plates or other semimanufactures

7.5%

2.5%

42.

8001

Unwrought Tin

5%

Nil

43.

8101 94 00

Unwrought tungsten, including bars and rods obtained simply by sintering

5%

Nil

44.

8102 94 00

Unwrought molybdenum, including bars and rods obtained simply by sintering

5%

Nil

45.

8103 20

Unwrought tantalum, including bars and rods obtained simply by sintering, powders

5%

Nil

46.

8105 20 20

Cobalt, unwrought

5%

Nil

47.

8106 10 10

Bismuth, unwrought

2.5%

Nil

48.

8109 21 00

Unwrought zirconium, powders, Containing less than 1 part hafnium to 500 parts zirconium by weight

10%

Nil

49.

8110 10 00

Unwrought antimony, powders

2.5%

Nil

50.

8112 12 00

Beryllium unwrought, powders

5%

Nil

51.

8112 31

Hafnium unwrought, waste and scrap, powders

10%

Nil

52.

8112 41 10

Rhenium unwrought

10%

Nil

53.

8112 69 10

Cadmium unwrought, powders

5%

Nil

54.

8112 69 20

Cadmium, wrought

5%

Nil

55.

8112 92 00

(ii) Unwrought; waste and scrap; powder of, -

(i) Gallium

(ii) Germanium

(iii) Indium

(iv) Niobium

(v) Vanadium

5%

Nil

IV.

 

Steel Sector

 

 

1.

7202 60 00

Ferro Nickel

2.5%

Nil

2.

7204

Ferrous Scrap

Nil (till 30.09.2024)

Nil (till 31.03.2 026)

3.

7225

Certain specified raw materials for manufacture of CRGO steel

Nil (till 30.09.2024)

Nil (till 31.03.2 026)

V.

 

Copper

 

 

1.

7402 00 10

Blister Copper

5%

Nil

VI.

 

Chemicals and Plastics

 

 

1.

3102 30 00

Ammonium Nitrate, whether or not in aqueous solution

7.5%

10%

2.

3920 (other than 3920 99 99) or 3921

All goods other than Poly vinyl chloride (PVC) flex films/flex banner

25% (with effect from 24.07.2024)

10%

3.

3920 99 99

All goods other than Poly vinyl chloride (PVC) flex films/flex banner

25% (with effect from 24.07.2024)

15%

VII.

 

Textile and Leather Sector

 

 

1.

2929 10 90

Methylene Diphenyl Di-isocyanate (MDI) for use in the manufacture of Spandex Yarn

7.5%

5% Subject to IGCR conditions

2.

41

Wet white, Crust and finished leather for manufacture of textile or leather garments, leather /synthetic footwear or other leather products, for export

10%

Nil Items under Sl. No. 257B and 257C of Notification 50/2017 - Customs, dated 30.06.2017

3.

38,48 or any other Chapter

Certain additional accessories and embellishments for manufacture of textile or leather garments, leather/synthetic footwear or other leather products, for export

As applicable

Nil Items under Sl. No. 257B and 257C of Notification 50/2017 - Customs, dated 30.06.2017

4.

0505 10

Real Down Filling Material from Duck or Goose for use in the manufacture of textile or leather garments for export

30%

10%

VIII.

 

Cancer Drugs

 

 

1.

30

(i) Trastuzumab Deruxtecan,

(ii) Osimertinib,

(iii) Durvalumab

10%

Nil

IX.

 

Precious Metals

 

 

1.

7108

Gold bar

15%

6%

2.

7108

Gold dore

14.35%

5.35%

3.

7106

Silver bar

15%

6%

4.

7106

Silver dore

14.35%

5.35%

5.

7110

Platinum, Palladium, Osmium, Ruthenium, Iridium

15.4%

6.4%

6.

7118

Coins of precious metals

15%

6%

7.

7113

Gold/Silver findings

15%

6%

8.

71

Platinum and Palladium used in the manufacture of noble metal solutions, noble metal compounds and catalytic convertors

7.5%

5%

9.

84

Bushings made of platinum and rhodium alloy when imported in exchange of worn out or damaged bushings exported out of India

7.5%

5%

X.

 

Medical Equipment

 

 

1.

39

All types of polyethylene for use in manufacture of orthopaedic implants falling under sub-heading 9021 10

As applicable

Nil

2.

39, 72, 81

Special grade stainless steel, Titanium alloys, Cobalt-chrome alloys, and All types of polyethylene for use in manufacture of other artificial parts of the body falling under sub-heading 9021 31 or 9021 39

As applicable

Nil

3.

9022 30 00

X-ray tubes for use in manufacture of X-ray machines for medical, surgical, dental or veterinary use

15%

5% (till 31st March 2025)

7.5% (w.e.f 1st April, 2025 to 31st March, 2026)

10% (w.e.f 1st April, 2026)

4.

9022 90 90

Flat panel detectors (including scintillators) for use in manufacture of X-ray machines for medical, surgical, dental or veterinary use

15%

5% (till 31st March 2025)

7.5% (w.e.f 1st April, 2025 to 31st March, 2026)

10% (w.e.f 1st April, 2026)

XI.

 

IT and Electronics Sector

 

 

1.

8517 13 00, 8517 14 00

Cellular mobile phone

20%

15%

2.

8504 40

Charger/Adapter of cellular mobile phone

20%

15%

3.

8517 79 10

Printed Circuit Board Assembly (PCBA) of cellular mobile phone

20%

15%

4.

28, 29, 38

Specified parts for use in manufacture of connectors

5%/7.5%

Nil

5.

74

Oxygen Free Copper for use in manufacture of Resistors

5%

Nil

6.

40

Specified die-cut parts for use in manufacture of cellular mobile phones

As applicable

Nil

7.

40, 70, 76

Specified mechanics for use in manufacture of cellular mobile phones

As applicable

Nil

8.

8517 79 10

Printed Circuit Board Assembly (PCBA) of specified telecom equipment

10%

15%

XII.

 

Renewable Energy Sector

 

 

1.

84, 85, or any other chapter

Specified capital goods for use in manufacture of solar cells or solar modules, and parts for manufacture of such capital goods

7.5%

Nil

2.

7007

Solar glass for manufacture of solar cells or solar modules

Nil

10% (w.e.f. 1.10.20 24)

3.

74

Tinned copper interconnect for manufacture of solar cells or solar modules

Nil

5%(w.e.f 1.10.20 24)

XIII.

 

Shipping

 

 

1.

Any Chapter

Components and consumables for use in manufacture of specified vessels

As applicable

Nil

2.

Any Chapter

Technical documentation and spare parts for construction of warships

As applicable

Nil

XIV.

 

Capital goods

 

 

1.

Any Chapter

Goods under S. No. 404 of Notification No. 50/2017 Customs, used for petroleum exploration operations

As applicable

Nil

B.

Changes in Export Duty (To be effective from 24.7.2024)

Effective export duty on raw skins, hides & leather is being simplified and rationalized. The changes are as follows -

Rate of Duty

S. No.

Chapter or Heading

Commodity

From

To

1.

4101 to 4103

Raw Hides & skins, all sorts (other than buffalo)

40%

40%

2.

4101

Raw Hides & skins of buffalo

30%

30%

3.

4104 to 4106

Tanned or crust hides of skins, whether or not split, but not further prepared

40

20%

4.

4104 to 4106

E.I. tanned leather

Nil

Nil

5.

41

Finished leather as defined by DGFT finished leather norms

Nil

Nil

6.

4301

Raw fur skins

60%/10%

40%

7.

4302

Tanned or dressed furskin

60%

20%


Full Text:

Union Budget 2024-25 (Full) + FINANCE (No.2) Bill, 2024

Topics

Acts Income Tax