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Case Laws Income Tax
Retrospective Amendments and the Doctrine of Vested Rights: A Judicial Perspective
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Vested rights preserved against retrospective tax amendments; filings made before enactment remain effective for settlement consideration.
The court addressed whether a retrospective Finance Act amendment prohibiting settlement applications from a specified date could divest a taxpayer who filed earlier of its vested right to have the application considered. It held that retrospective legislation cannot take away rights already accrued by actions completed before enactment unless clearly intended; that section 119 confers time-extension power but cannot impose new substantive eligibility conditions; and that administrative delay by revenue does not justify denying access where an application was already filed.
Case Laws Income Tax
Upholding Equality: HC Strikes Down Discriminatory Circular on Charitable Trust Approvals
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Reasonable classification principle: differential deadline for charitable trust tax recognition cannot lack rational basis or equality protection.
A departmental circular extended a filing deadline for tax recognition to mitigate hardship but excluded newly formed charitable trusts without offering reasons; the exclusion lacked an intelligible differentia and rational nexus to the circular's object, making the differential treatment arbitrary and ultra vires the constitutional guarantee of equality, requiring the excluded applications to be treated as within time and decided on merits.
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ITSC jurisdiction extends beyond application disclosures, while full and true disclosure and narrow judicial review govern settlement oversight.
The Income Tax Settlement Commission may inquire into and decide issues disclosed in the application and any other matters relating to the case as reflected in the Commissioner's report or uncovered by further inquiry; full and true disclosure is mandatory and amendments or contradictory positions that undermine that requirement are impermissible, yet contesting taxability before the Commission does not automatically negate disclosure; judicial review is limited to statutory contravention, prejudice, fraud, bias or malice, while sufficiency of materials placed before the Commission is generally beyond routine court scrutiny.
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Delay condonation denied where litigant's evasive conduct and non participation failed to constitute sufficient cause for appeal filing.
The court refused condonation of delay for filing an appeal where a best judgment assessment treated cash bank deposits as unexplained after the assessee failed to file returns or participate in proceedings; reliance on transition to a faceless e filing regime and lack of alerts was held insufficient, as the assessee's evasive and habitual non participation did not amount to sufficient cause warranting condonation under the applicable doctrine.
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Sufficient cause for delay in filing appeals rejected where faceless scheme migration did not excuse prolonged inaction.
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Source of source doctrine used to pierce the corporate veil where share capital appears round tripped among related entities.
The assessee must prove identity, genuineness and creditworthiness of investors under section 68; examination extends to the true origin of funds where bank records show circular transfers, related party directorships, lack of business operations, and arbitrary share premium, permitting lifting the corporate veil and application of the source of source doctrine to treat such receipts as not satisfactorily explained.
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Transfer of assessment proceedings for coordinated investigations and administrative convenience upheld where procedural safeguards and factual links exist.
The judgment explains that transfers of assessment proceedings pursuant to the statutory transfer power may be justified for coordinated enquiries and administrative convenience, provided the decision is not capricious or mala fide. Authorities must afford an opportunity to be heard and consider objections; where factual indicia exist - for example, disclosed transactions such as unsecured loans with searched persons - centralisation can be sustained. The convenience of the assessee is relevant but subservient to effective adjudication and tax collection, and transfers supported by procedural compliance and factual nexus are not arbitrary.
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Transfer of right to use goods: contracts retaining operational control are service arrangements, not deemed sales under VAT.
The issue is whether supply agreements for cranes, trailers and tank trucks amount to a transfer of the right to use goods under the deemed sale provision. Applying the five BSNL tests-availability of goods, consensus on identity, transferee's legal right to use, exclusivity of use, and non transferability by owner-the contracts failed to meet the criteria. Contractors retained possession, crew, fuel, maintenance and liability, and transferees had only permissive use without effective control, so the arrangements were services, not deemed sales under VAT/sales tax.
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Forfeiture of earnest-money deposits under SARFAESI rules stands as a statutory consequence, limiting equitable intervention.
The analysis affirms that Rule 9(5) of the SARFAESI Rules prescribes an express statutory forfeiture of earnest-money deposits arising from auction terms, and that Sections 73 and 74 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872, addressing contractual damages, do not apply to such statutory forfeitures. Unjust enrichment and equitable considerations cannot supplant a clear statutory forfeiture, and subsequent recovery by the secured creditor does not negate the forfeiture, except in narrowly defined exceptional circumstances where equity may justify relief.
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Generality vs. enumeration principle affirms broad delegated rule making power, upholding rules that further an Act's statutory purposes.
The Court held that Rule 9(3) is intra vires because the general delegated rule making power in section 29A(1) authorises rules that carry out the Act's purposes even when not covered by enumerated heads. Applying the generality vs. enumeration principle, the Court found the enumerated matters in section 29A(2) illustrative and not restrictive, and concluded Rule 9(3) furthers the misconduct chapter's object of maintaining ethical standards and preventing wrongful threshold dismissal of genuine complaints.
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Burden of proof in share premium cases: failure to prove investor identity and genuineness sustains addition under section 68.
The assessment of share premium under section 68 requires the assessee to prove the identity, creditworthiness and genuineness of investors who subscribe at a premium. The court scrutinised disparate allotments made on consecutive days, examined subscribing companies' financials, and applied the doctrine of "source of source" restrictively, holding that incorporation papers or bank payments alone do not discharge the burden. Absent cogent evidence tracing funds to lawful origin and demonstrating commercial rationale for large premiums, additions under section 68 are supportable.
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Navigating the Intricacies of Income Tax Penalty u/s 271(1)(c): Fairness in Tax Administration
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The legal focal point is whether Section 271(1)(c) can be invoked where an assessee disclosed omitted income and paid differential tax before initiation of reassessment. Penal provisions require strict construction, and Explanation 1 treats a pre-notice satisfactory explanation and admission of additional income as accepted, precluding characterization as concealment. Additionally, a penalty notice must specify the particular ground for proceeding; failure to do so renders the notice defective and undermines the basis for penalty.
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Reassessment Proceedings: Navigating the Scope and Limitations under Income Tax Act
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Scope of reassessment: AO may address newly noticed income but remains constrained by the recorded reasons for reopening.
Where the AO has recorded reasons to believe income escaped assessment, the AO may assess or reassess issues that come to notice during reassessment, but if no additions or modifications are ultimately made in respect of the issues that formed the basis for reopening, the AO cannot make additions or modifications relating solely to other matters that were part of the original assessment. Explanation 3 applies only after reassessment power is validly invoked and cannot be used to deviate from or supplant the recorded reasons.
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Corroboration requirement for search statements: unsupported search statements cannot sustain additions without linked incriminating material and fair cross examination.
Additions for alleged accommodation entries cannot rest solely on statements recorded during search operations; such statements require corroboration by material found in the search that is specifically linked to the assessee. The assessing officer must articulate a factual nexus between seized group material and the assessee, and procedural fairness-including provision of relevant statements and opportunity for cross-examination-is essential. Cure provisions do not validate jurisdictional defects arising from absence of requisite notice or lack of incriminating material.
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Input Tax Credit eligibility clarified: refund for unutilised ITC limited to inverted duty where input goods tax exceeds output supplies.
The court construes Section 54(3) narrowly: refund of unutilised ITC for inverted duty arises only where tax on input goods exceeds tax on output supplies. It upholds the constitutional validity of Section 16(2)(c) and Section 16(4), confirms that ITC is subject to legislatively prescribed conditions and time limits, and clarifies that the non-obstante clause in Section 16(2) does not override separate restrictions such as Section 16(4). Affected petitioners may invoke circulars and have eligible ITC claims processed where returns met the prescribed extended filing position.
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Excess stock found during survey: Navigating the Intricacies of UPGST / CGST Act and Invoking Wrong ...
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Determination of tax on unaccounted stock must proceed under Sections 73 and 74, not Section 130.
The Court held that tax determination for excess or unaccounted stock discovered in a survey must proceed under the statutory assessment procedures for undisclosed goods rather than by invoking the survey provision. The assessment code prescribes the exclusive mechanism for quantifying and demanding tax, and survey powers cannot be used to supplant the prescribed steps for computation, notice and imposition of tax or penalty on unaccounted goods.
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Striking a Balance: Judicial Interpretation of GST Provisions on Record-Keeping and Penalties
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Record-keeping obligations: failure attracts a capped statutory penalty and invalidates arbitrary confiscation without due process.
The judgment emphasises that registered persons must maintain prescribed books and electronic records under Section 35 and related rules, and that any determination of tax on unaccounted goods must follow the show cause procedures for assessing tax liability. It finds that conditions for confiscation under Section 130 were not met and that penalties must be imposed in accordance with the statutory bifurcation in Section 122, with the offences in question attracting only the capped penalty, thereby underscoring procedural limits on enforcement powers.
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Interim Orders and the Limits of Article 142: Safeguarding Natural Justice Balancing Judicial Powers...
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Limits on Article 142: extraordinary power cannot automatically vacate interim stays; natural justice and supervisory jurisdiction must be preserved.
Limits on the Supreme Court's extraordinary jurisdiction were defined to prevent blanket, time based vacation of interim stays; equitable power cannot deprive non parties of substantive benefits or negate the right to be heard. The Court confined vacation rules to cases where interim relief was granted without notice, instructed High Courts to grant limited ad interim relief, prioritise vacation applications, avoid routine time bound disposal directives, and recognised that past automatic vacations that led to concluded trials raise finality concerns while endorsing judicial superintendence and natural justice as constitutional constraints.
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Insolvency plan compliance: failure to acknowledge creditor claims or secure approvals undermines approved resolution plans.
The court held that a recall application grounded in lack of notice and alleged misrepresentation is maintainable under principles of natural justice. It found the resolution plan non-compliant with Section 30(2) read with Regulations 37 and 38-specifically for failing to acknowledge a creditor's claim, misrecording the payable amount, omitting secured creditor classification despite a charge, and proposing use of third-party statutory land without necessary approvals-deficiencies that materially affected the plan's transparency and treatment of creditor classes.

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CUSTOMS DUTY EXEMPTIONS / CONCESSIONS BEING ALLOWED TO LAPSE

24 July, 2024

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Union Budget 2024-25 (Full) + FINANCE (No.2) Bill, 2024

Certain BCD exemptions entries under S No. 50/2017-Customs dated 30.6.2017 and other notifications are being allowed to lapse with effect from 30.9.2024.

(a) The following entries of notification no. 50/2017-Customs dated 30.6.2017 are being allowed to lapse with effect from 30.9.2024:

S. No.

S N of 50/2017 Customs

Description

1.

478

Wireless apparatus, accessories and parts as specified in List 29 imported by a licensed amateur radio operator

2.

353

Foreign currency coins when imported into India by a Scheduled Bank

3.

387

 Zinc metal recovered by toll smelting or toll processing from zinc concentrates exported from India for such processes

4.

441

Spinnerettes made inter alia of Gold, Platinum and Rhodium or any one or more of these metals, when imported in exchange of worn-out or damaged spinnerettes exported out of India

5.

238

Organic/inorganic Coating material for manufacture of electrical steel

6.

254

Catalyst for manufacture of cast components of Wind Operated Electricity Generator

7.

255

Resin for manufacture of cast components of Wind Operated Electricity Generator

8.

277A

Calendared plastic sheet for manufacturing of Smart Card under chapter heading 8523

9.

339

Concessional rate on import of Toughened glass with low iron content and transmissivity of minimum 91% and above, for use in manufacture of solar thermal collectors or heaters

10.

421

Specified goods required for basic telephone service, cellular mobile telephone service, internet service or closed users’ group 64 KBPS domestic data network via INSAT satellite system service and parts, for manufacture of the goods

11.

479

Mono or Bi polar Membrane electrolysers and parts thereof including secondary brine purification components, jumper switches, filtering elements for hydrogen filters for caustic soda or potash units; Membrane and parts thereof or other parts for caustic soda or potash units;

12.

475

Specified goods including scramblers, descramblers, encoders, decoders, jammers, network firewalls, network sniffers, scanners and monitoring systems, probes for data monitoring and SMS/MMS monitoring systems

13.

482

Newspaper page transmission and reception facsimile system or equipment; and Telephoto transmission and reception system or equipment

14.

495

Batteries for electrically operated vehicles, including two and three wheeled electric motor vehicles.

15.

497

Active Energy Controller (AEC) for use in manufacture of Renewable Power System (RPS) inverters

16.

579

Survey (DGPS) instruments, 3D modeling software for ore body simulation cum mine planning and exploration (geophysics and geochemistry) equipment required for surveying and prospecting of minerals

17.

419

Aluminium Oxide for manufacture of washcoat of catalytic converter

18.

420

Clay 2 powder for use in ceramic substrate for catalytic convertor

19.

340

Solar tempered glass or solar tempered (anti-reflective coated) glass for use in manufacture of solar cells/panels/modules

20.

565

Specified goods for use in the manufacture of Flexible Medical Video Endoscope [heading 9018]

21.

566

 Specific input goods for manufacture of syringes, needles, catheters and cannulae

22.

568

Parts and components for manufacture of blood pressure monitors and blood glucose monitoring system (Glucometers)

Note: Description of entries is indicative. Notification may be referred to for complete description.

(b) The following notifications are being allowed to lapse with effect from 30.9.2024:

S. No

Notification No.

Description

1.

97/99-Customs dated 21 July 1999

Exempts BCD and additional duty under Sections 3(1), 3(3) and 3(5) on standard gold bars imported by a RBI authorised bank

2.

30/2004-Customs dated 28 January 2004

Provides full exemption from BCD to second-hand computers/accessories and peripherals received as donation by schools, charitable institutions.

3.

102/2007-Customs dated 14 September 2017

Provides exemption from Special Additional Duty (SAD) levied vide section 3(5) of CTA on to all goods imported for subsequent sale when IGST, CGST, SGST or UTGST paid by importer.

4.

45/2005-Customs dated 16 May 2005

Provides exemption from Special Additional Duty levied under Section 3(5) of CTA on goods cleared from SEZ to DTA.

5.

151/94-Customs dated 13 July 1994

Provides exemption to imports of duty-paid fuel and lubricating oil on aircrafts taken during the outward flight; goods imports by United Arab Airlines; aircraft engines, spares imported by Indian Airlines and Air India International. Re-import entries will operate from re-import notification 45/2017-Cus

6.

26-Customs dated 19th February 1962

Provides exemption from import duty under the Sea Customs Act on catering cabin equipment, food and drink on re-importation by aircrafts of the Indian Airlines Corporation from foreign flights

Note: Description of entries is indicative. Notification may be referred to for complete description.

Full Text:

Union Budget 2024-25 (Full) + FINANCE (No.2) Bill, 2024

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Acts Income Tax
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