Accounting policy change requires reasonable cause and substance-over-form treatment to reflect a true and fair view.
Accounting policies must present a true and fair view of the state of affairs and income; treatment and presentation must follow substance over legal form; an accounting policy shall not be changed without reasonable cause, and any change must serve faithful representation for income computation and disclosure.

Accrual versus accounting method: accrual-based charge under residency provisions overrides cash-basis bookkeeping for taxing income.
Where income has become taxable under the substantive provision governing non-resident receipts, that charging provision prevails over a taxpayer's cash-basis accounting; Section 145 is a machinery provision to effectuate the charge and cannot be used to defeat or nullify the substantive charge so as to allow taxable income to escape tax.

Accrual of income: recognition occurs when a vested right and debtor liability arise, not necessarily on actual receipt.
ICDS I explains that accrual of income arises when a vested right to receive payment emerges and a corresponding liability is created on the other party; postponement or non-receipt does not prevent accrual, though non-receipt may justify separate deductions or claims. Accrual and arisal denote an inchoate right prior to actual receipt, while receipt denotes physical collection, and for tax accounting the existence of the right and the debtor's liability are the operative tests for accrual-based recognition.

Accounting policy change disclosure required when future material effect is expected; disclose at adoption and when it first becomes material.
Change in accounting policies that has no material effect in the current previous year but is reasonably expected to have material effect later must be disclosed: (a) in the previous year in which the change is adopted; and (b) in the previous year in which the change has material effect for the first time.

Change in accounting policy: permitted only for reasonable cause and where AS 5 requires it or improves financial presentation.
A change in accounting policy will be treated as reasonable if it meets the criterion established by AS 5: the change is permissible only where it is required by statute, necessary for compliance with an accounting standard, or results in a more appropriate presentation of the enterprise's financial statements.

Mark-to-market loss recognition barred under ICDS, allowed only if another ICDS or tax law permits.
Mark-to-market and expected losses are not recognised under ICDS I unless another ICDS permits such recognition; the Accounting Standards Committee held that because anticipated profits are not recognised, parity requires that expected or mark-to-market losses also be excluded, while established tax-law precedent allows deduction for exchange fluctuation losses arising on revenue-purpose borrowings.

Disclosure of fundamental accounting assumptions required when Going Concern, Consistency or Accrual are not followed in tax reporting.
ICDS I requires that where the Going Concern, Consistency and Accrual assumptions are followed no specific disclosure is required, but any departure from these fundamental accounting assumptions must be disclosed; the revised tax audit reporting format provides columns to record such disclosures.

Going concern assumption affects income computation and disclosure, requiring a different measurement basis if materially impinged.
Going concern is the assumption that an assessee will continue operations and has no intent or necessity to liquidate or materially curtail business; it underpins periodic income computation and financial statements and applies in the absence of contrary information. Material uncertainties that cast doubt on going concern may impinge this assumption. ICDS I does not specify computation methods when going concern is not met; absent such mandate an assessee may follow the Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements and prepare statements on a different basis, affecting recognition, measurement and disclosure.

Disclosure of accounting policies: ICDS requires taxpayers to disclose net ICDS effect in returns and tax audit report.
ICDS I mandates disclosure of significant accounting policies and requires the net effect on taxable income from application of ICDS to be disclosed in the Return of Income; ICDS disclosures are to be made in the tax audit report in Form 3CD, with no separate disclosure requirement for persons not liable to tax audit.

Marked-to-market gain recognition: ICDS I's non-recognition rule for MTM loss applies equally to gains.
Recognition of marked-to-market losses or expected loss is disallowed under ICDS I unless permitted by other ICDS provisions; the same conditional rule applies mutatis mutandis to recognition of marked-to-market gains or expected profit, so gains or anticipated income may not be recognised for income computation unless another ICDS expressly authorises recognition.

Accounting Policies: treat ICDS I as computation policies affecting taxable income computation, not books of account.
ICDS I should be read as prescribing computation policies for taxable income so that accrual, going concern, consistency, substance over form and non recognition of mark to market losses apply to income computation under business or other sources, and the disclosure requirement concerns the policies used in computing income rather than the policies used for maintaining books of account.