COVID-19 extraordinary costs and non-AE transactions reshape TNMM margins, capacity adjustments, and transfer-pricing adjustment scope.

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....COVID-19-related fixed overheads incurred during lockdown to retain employees and maintain business continuity were treated as extraordinary, non-operating costs and excluded from the tested party's operating cost for TNMM profitability analysis. Capacity underutilisation may warrant an adjustment; where comparable companies' data is not publicly available, transfer-pricing authorities should obtain it before determining the adjustment. Transfer-pricing adjustments under Chapter X are confined to international transactions with associated enterprises and cannot extend to unrelated-party transactions. Bad-debt double-addition claims require verification where the amount was allegedly already offered to tax. Working-capital adjustments requir.........