Deliberate customs undervaluation attracts separate partner liability despite post-detection duty payment, which may only mitigate penalty quantum.

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....Deliberate undervaluation of imported goods, when established by reliable documentary and electronic evidence corroborated by material on record, may support confiscation, redemption fine and penalties under the Customs Act. Post-detection payment of differential duty does not erase the completed contravention or extinguish penalty exposure, although it may mitigate the penalty quantum. A managing partner may incur separate personal liability where active involvement in import transactions and value misdeclaration is proved; this liability is independent of the partnership firm's penalty. The discussion concerns sustained penalties for undervaluation of imported furniture and refusal of complete waiver.....