Statutory Rules Override Contracts: Demurrage Charges Waived if Customs Delay; Importers May Claim Refunds, Interest.

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....The statutory regulations have an overruling effect on the contract between parties. The demurrage/detention charges are payable only when goods are not cleared voluntarily or due to customs authorities' action/inaction. The waiver certificate issued by customs authorities is statutorily binding on CFS and shipping lines/agents. The writ petitions against CFS, CFA, and shipping lines/agents are maintainable as they are obliged to perform duties per the Customs Act and regulations. CFS need not be heard before granting waiver certificates. The 90-day clearance period under regulations is enforceable only if no detention by authorities. If goods are cleared in favor of importer, no charges can be demanded. The authorities are liable for delay.........