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March 25, 2026
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Finance Bill 2026 advances budgetary approval as Lok Sabha passes the measure with government amendments.
Lok Sabha passed the Finance Bill 2026 with 32 government amendments, completing its role in the Budgetary approval process for 2026-27 and sending the Bill to the Rajya Sabha for further consideration. The Budget framework for 2026-27 provides for substantial expenditure and capital outlay, along with projected gross tax revenue, gross borrowing, and a lower fiscal deficit than the current fiscal year.
March 25, 2026
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Annual donor certificate for scientific research requires electronic FORM 16, separate from receipts and subject to deduction conditions.
Prescribed undertakings or institutions covered by section 45(3) must issue FORM 16 as an annual certificate to donors for sums received for scientific research. The certificate is issued once for the relevant tax year, on or before 31 May immediately following that year, and records the aggregate donation, donor particulars, the institution's approval details, and the relevant clause of section 45(3). FORM 16 is distinct from FORM 15, may be corrected or revised, and does not by itself guarantee deduction to the donor.
March 25, 2026
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Scientific research donation reporting under Form 15 requires annual filing, donor-wise particulars, and cross-verification of deductions.
Form 15 is a statutory annual information statement for prescribed undertakings or institutions receiving sums for scientific research, social science research or statistical research under the Income-tax Act, 2025. It must be furnished annually by the recipient institution and verified by the person authorised to verify its return of income, on or before 31st May following the relevant tax year. The form captures donor-wise and donation-wise particulars and serves as a primary data source for cross-verification of deductions claimed by donors, without itself conferring any deduction.
March 25, 2026
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Scientific research donation reporting under FORM 15 requires annual electronic furnishing by the recipient institution.
FORM 15 is a prescribed annual statement to be furnished by a prescribed undertaking or institution in respect of sums received for scientific research during a tax year. It applies to eligible sums received for scientific, social science or statistical research, and not to charitable donations. The obligation lies with the recipient institution, the statement is to be furnished annually on or before 31st May, and it must include donor-wise particulars, approval details, and receipt information. Non-furnishing or incorrect furnishing may affect the donor's deduction and attract statutory consequences.
March 25, 2026
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In-house R&D approval under Form 14 conditions tax deduction eligibility and links scientific recognition with compliance oversight.
Proposed Form 14 is the statutory approval order for an in-house research and development facility under section 45(2) of the Income-tax Act, 2025. Issued by the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research under Rule 29, it records the company's particulars, the facility details, DSIR recognition, and the grant of approval for the deduction framework. The approval is facility-specific, depends on continued DSIR recognition, and does not by itself establish deduction entitlement.
March 25, 2026
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In-house research and development approval governs deduction claims subject to DSIR recognition and statutory compliance.
FORM 14 is the prescribed approval order issued by DSIR for a company's in-house research and development facility under section 45(2) read with Rule 29. It formally grants approval, records the scientific research to be undertaken, links the approval with DSIR recognition and the company's application, and supports a deduction claim subject to compliance with statutory conditions. The form is facility-specific, not a filing form, and may be withdrawn for non-compliance or withdrawal of DSIR recognition.
March 25, 2026
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Scientific research and development audit reporting supports deduction claims through mandatory independent certification and account verification.
Proposed FORM 13 is the annual statutory audit report for an approved in-house scientific research and development facility under section 45(2) of the Income-tax Act, 2025. It is furnished by the company through an independent accountant and provides independent assurance on maintenance of separate accounts, correctness of capital and revenue expenditure, conformity with DSIR guidelines, and linkage with audited financial statements. FORM 13 is a mandatory supporting document for deduction claims and operates with FORM 11, FORM 14 and FORM 12 in the compliance framework.
March 25, 2026
Show AI Summary
In-house R&D audit report defines compliance for deduction claims through separate accounts and certified expenditure.
FORM 13 is the accountant's annual audit report for an approved in-house scientific research and development facility claimed under section 45(2). It certifies maintenance of separate accounts, correctness of expenditure, and conformity with DSIR guidelines, and must be attached with or furnished in support of the company's return of income. The form is a mandatory compliance requirement, but deduction remains subject to verification and assessment.
March 25, 2026
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Research and development deduction reporting through Form 12 supports technical certification, expenditure verification, and compliance oversight.
Proposed Form 12 is the statutory reporting form through which the prescribed authority, acting under Rule 29, submits findings and certification regarding an approved in-house research and development facility to the jurisdictional Chief Commissioner of Income-tax. It operates within the compliance framework for deduction of expenditure on approved in-house R&D facilities under section 45(2) of the Income-tax Act, 2025 and records evaluation details, eligible expenditure and asset movements for verification of deduction claims.
March 25, 2026
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Research and development deduction reporting through FORM 12 supports verification of eligible expenditure and compliance oversight.
FORM 12 is a statutory report furnished by the prescribed authority under section 45(2) read with Rule 29 for an approved in-house research and development facility. It is filed with the Chief Commissioner of Income-tax and records the facility's examination, recognition status, and eligible capital and revenue expenditure for verifying deduction claims. The form is not filed by the company and does not itself determine final allowability of deduction, which remains subject to departmental verification during processing or assessment.
March 25, 2026
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In-house R&D facility approval framework under income tax law requires DSIR cooperation, audit compliance, and ongoing reporting.
FORM 11 sets out the statutory application and agreement framework for approval of in-house research and development facilities under section 45(2) of the Income-tax Act, 2025, read with Rule 29. It applies to eligible companies maintaining or proposing to maintain an in-house R&D facility and requires disclosure of company particulars, a DSIR agreement, and binding undertakings on audit, reporting, asset use, and compliance. Approval is facility-specific and remains subject to continued compliance, with DSIR serving as the prescribed authority for evaluation and oversight.
March 25, 2026
Show AI Summary
In-house research and development approval requires disclosure, audit, and ongoing compliance before deduction can be considered.
Form 11 is the prescribed application under Rule 29 for a company seeking to enter into an agreement with the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research for an in-house research and development facility under section 45(2). It requires disclosure of company particulars, R&D expenditure, facility details, research objectives, and undertakings on maintenance and audit of accounts. The form is generally a one-time approval application, but annual compliance continues through progress reports, audited accounts, and expenditure details. Approval does not itself secure deduction, which depends on statutory conditions, the agreement, and verification.
March 25, 2026
Show AI Summary
Statutory reporting for approved scientific research programmes under FORM 10 strengthens tax oversight and compliance monitoring.
Proposed FORM 10 is the statutory reporting form furnished by the prescribed authority to the Income-tax Department for approved scientific research programmes under section 45(3)(c) of the Income-tax Act, 2025. It functions as the oversight stage after FORM 7 and FORM 8, linking approvals with departmental monitoring of payments, utilisation and deduction claims. The form is furnished electronically to the jurisdictional Chief Commissioner within the prescribed time and records the essential particulars of the approved programme, while not conferring any entitlement on the sponsor or replacing the approval order.
March 25, 2026
Show AI Summary
Scientific research programme approval reporting under tax law supports compliance monitoring, deduction verification, and administrative recordkeeping.
FORM 10 is a statutory report furnished by the prescribed authority in relation to a scientific research programme approved under section 45(3)(c) read with Rule 30. It is a post-approval monitoring instrument, furnished to the Chief Commissioner of Income-tax having jurisdiction over the sponsor within the prescribed time. The form records approval details, programme particulars, conditions of approval, and supports administrative monitoring, compliance verification, and cross-checking of deduction claims. It does not alter or substitute the approval granted under FORM 8.
March 25, 2026
Show AI Summary
Scientific research deduction claims depend on programme-specific Form 9 receipts, approval linkage, and statutory compliance requirements.
Form 9 is a statutory receipt for payments made towards an approved scientific research programme and links the payment stage with the approval granted in Form 8 and the sponsor's deduction claim under section 45(3)(c) of the Income-tax Act, 2025. It is issued by the designated executing institution, records sponsor details, payment particulars, programme information, approved cost, tax years and cumulative receipts, and is programme-specific. The receipt supports but does not itself establish entitlement to deduction, which remains subject to statutory compliance and verification.
March 25, 2026
Show AI Summary
Form 9 receipt for approved scientific research payments supports deduction claims and compliance tracking.
Form 9 is the prescribed receipt for payments received towards an approved scientific research programme under section 45(3)(c) read with Rule 30. It is issued to the sponsor by the executing institution, records the payment against the approved programme in FORM 8, and supports the sponsor's deduction claim subject to compliance with the Act and Rules. The form is programme-specific, may be issued for each payment or tranche including advance payments, and captures the sponsor details, payment particulars, approved cost, approved tax years, and cumulative receipts. It is not filed with the tax department but retained as supporting evidence.
March 25, 2026
Show AI Summary
Scientific research programme approval under tax law requires Form 8, with defined scope, cost, compliance and monitoring conditions.
Form 8 is the statutory approval order for a scientific research programme under section 45(3)(c) of the Income-tax Act, 2025 and Rule 30. It is issued after examination of a sponsor's Form 7 application, records the approved scope, duration, cost, tax years and conditions of the programme, and is signed by the designated authority. The approval is programme-specific, cost-specific and time-bound, while post-approval compliance includes separate books, audit, reporting, asset restrictions and final completion reporting.
March 25, 2026
Show AI Summary
Energy Star ratings shape window air conditioner pricing by raising upfront cost while lowering electricity bills and maintenance.
Energy Star ratings for window air conditioners reflect Bureau of Energy Efficiency standards and indicate how much cooling an AC delivers per unit of electricity consumed. Higher-rated units generally cost more upfront because they use advanced components, smarter controls, and more efficient motors and compressors, but they can lower electricity bills, reduce maintenance, and extend service life. Choosing the right star rating depends on usage patterns, room size, budget, and local electricity tariffs, with energy efficiency affecting both purchase price and long-term ownership cost.
March 25, 2026
Show AI Summary
Scientific research programme approval in FORM 8 governs tax deduction eligibility, compliance conditions, and programme-specific approval limits.
Approval in FORM 8 records the prescribed authority's sanction of a scientific research programme under section 45(3)(c) read with Rule 30, following an application in FORM 7. It is a statutory approval order, not a filing by the sponsor, and identifies the programme, approved tax years, approved total cost, and any attached conditions. FORM 8 is programme-specific and cost-specific, and deduction depends on compliance with the Act, the Rules, and post-approval obligations.
March 25, 2026
Show AI Summary
Scientific research approval through Form 7 creates a programme-specific gateway for deduction eligibility and post-approval compliance.
Prior approval for a sponsored scientific research programme is obtained through Form 7, which is the programme-specific application for approval of expenditure on scientific research carried out through a National Laboratory, University, Indian Institute of Technology or specified person. The prescribed authority examines the programme's feasibility and scientific merit, communicates approval or rejection in Form 8, and the approval is cost-specific and only a pre-condition for deduction. Post-approval compliance requires separate accounts, periodic reporting, restricted use of funds and completion reports.

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Guidance Note – Form Nos. 93/94/95/96

March 31, 2026

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Form No. 93/94/95/96 (Earlier Form No. 49A/49AA)

Form Nos. 93/94/95/96: Forms for PAN Allotment

Form No.

Applicant Type

Reference Rule/Section

93

Individual (Being Citizen of India)

Rule 158, Sec. 262

94

Non-Individual Indian Entities

Rule 158, Sec. 262

95

Individual (Not being a Citizen of India)

Rule 158, Sec. 262

96

Non-Individual Foreign Entities

Rule 158, Sec. 262

Purpose:

PAN allotment Forms are to be filled by the applicant who want to apply for Permanent Account Number (PAN).

Who Should File:

Any person (Individual/Entity) who want to apply for PAN allotment.

Existing Forms for PAN Allotment as per Income-tax Rules, 1962:

In the Rule 114 of Income-tax Rules, 1962, two forms are notified based on citizenship of the applicant i.e. Form 49A for Indian Citizens/Indian Companies/Entities incorporated in India/Unincorporated Entities formed in India, and Form 49AA for Individuals not being a Citizen of India/ Entities Incorporated outside India/ Unincorporated Entities formed outside India.

Structure of Forms:

Personal Information: Information such as Name, Gender, Date of Birth/Incorporation, address, contact details etc.

Source of Income: Nature of Income details

Parents’ Details: Name of the parent and information regarding single parent

Assessing Officer Code: Jurisdiction details

Representative Assessee Details: Information of the representative assessee such as name, address, contact details etc.

Declaration: Declaration statements along with date and place for signature and thumb impression.

Supporting documents required:

Supporting documents, as listed in Rule 158, are required in support of:

Proof of Identity

Proof of Address

Proof of Date of Birth/Date of Incorporation.

Application Count:

About 2 to 2.5 Lakh applications per day.

What is the process flow of filing the Form?

The process flow includes following steps

  1. Applicant has to fill PAN allotment application form, pay prescribed fees and submit it online or in physical mode to PAN Service Providers (SPs).
  2. Digitization of application (in case of physical mode), eyeballing of supporting document viz-a-viz details entered in PAN application (verification of documents) by PAN SPs.
  3. After successful verification, sharing of data to ITD for generation of PAN.
  4. PAN allotment and dispatch of physical PAN card, if opted for it.

Outcome of Processed Form:

PAN allotment to the applicant.

Brief note on qualitative changes:

Based on stakeholders’ feedback, PAN application forms have been simplified, and four Forms have been notified pertaining to four different categories of users.

  • Form No. 93 - Individual being a citizen of India
  • Form No. 94 – Indian Companies/Entities incorporated in India/Unincorporated Entities Formed in India
  • Form No. 95 – Individuals not being a citizen of India
  • Form No. 96 - Entities incorporated outside India / Unincorporated Entities Formed outside India

Key changes made in the Forms:

The forms have been designed in such a way that they are precise, to the point and self-explanatory and instructions accompanying the forms are clear, unambiguous and aligned with IT Act and rules.

Consistency has been maintained across forms in terms of nomenclature and structure.

Simplification of the forms categorizing them into four different types so that each form contains only the relevant information related to a specific category of applicant to ensure ease of filling the form.

Contact details (mobile, email etc.) have been made mandatory for all the applicants, so that real time communication can happen directly with the applicant. This also aids the applicant in tracking the application and getting updated information directly from ITD.

The size of the photograph has been increased for better visibility and identification.

The sub-categorization of the entity status has been given in detailed manner as part of the form itself which helps in identifying the entity specifically.

Various fields which are not relevant (e.g. Salutation, Abbreviations of name, ‘have you ever been known by any other name’, KYC details for FPI applicants) have been removed.

Changes made with respect to the specific category of applicants

Resident individuals:

In case of name field, full name is taken in expanded form and initials are allowed in cases where the name of the applicant in Aadhaar contains initials. This ensures that the applicant does not face difficulty of mismatch during Aadhaar authentication.

Mother’s name has been made mandatory.

Residential status (resident/non-resident/resident but not ordinarily resident) field added for Indian citizen.

The option of getting the PAN card delivered to the office address has been given along with the residential address if additional proof to this effect is submitted.

In case of the representative assessee (RA), the details (such as mobile number, email and PAN/Aadhaar) etc. of the representative assessee are being made mandatory in order to establish the genuineness of the RA.

In case of citizens who are non-residents, Resident but not ordinarily resident, the details of passport and Tax Identification Number (TIN) have been made mandatory.

Indian Companies/Entities incorporated in India/Unincorporated Entities Formed in India:

The option of getting the PAN card delivered to the communication address has been given along with the office address for the entities if additional proof to this effect is submitted.

For the ease of communication, the contact details (such as mobile number and email) have been made mandatory.

In case of entities, the Authorized Representatives (ARs) of the entities are allowed in addition to Representative Assessee for the purpose of application of PAN. Also, the details of the RA/AR along with proof documents are to be submitted for ensuring genuineness.

Individuals not being a citizen of India

Additional information (foreigner/PIO /OCI) in respect of Citizenship type field has been added for foreign citizen.

Proof of date of birth has been made mandatory for foreign citizen. This ensures the authenticity of the information being submitted.

Fields have been provided for capturing Passport number (if any) and TIN number for authenticity.

The Aadhaar details (wherever available) is captured for record and authentication purposes.

Entities incorporated outside India / Unincorporated Entities Formed outside India

Proof of Date of incorporation have been made mandatory for entities registered outside India.

Challenges and Solutions:

a. The revised Forms have been made smart and easy to fill ensuring better user experience.

b. The long pending problem regarding mismatch of name in PAN card and Aadhaar due to initials has been addressed thereby redressing the grievance of large number of applicants.

c. Standardization of name & address fields etc.   

Topics

Acts Income Tax