The Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA) has ordered for investigation and assigned to Serious Fraud Investigation office (SFIO) and Regional Directors (RDs) in the cases where there are allegations of misuse of corporate structure/ fraud.

This was stated by Shri Anurag Singh Thakur, Union Minister of State for Finance & Corporate Affairs, in a written reply to a question in Lok Sabha today.

Giving more details, the Minister stated as under:

Financial year	No. of investigations assigned to SFIO	No. of investigations assigned to RDs
2017-18	22	52
2018-19	33	27
2019-20	26	33
2020-21(till 31.01.2021)	20	38

The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) has informed that in order to ensure strict compliance of corporate governance requirements by listed entities and to protect the minority stakeholders from ill-effects of poor corporate governance, issued a circular no. SEBI/HO/CFD/CMD/CIR/P/2018/77 dated May 3, 2018 (revised on January 22, 2020) which empowered the stock exchanges to levy fines for various non-compliances including corporate governance requirements prescribed under SEBI (Listing Obligations and Disclosure Requirements) Regulations, 2015, the Minister said.

The Minister stated that non-payment of such fines can lead to freezing of promoter shareholding. If the non-compliance persists for two consecutive quarters, it can also lead to suspension and initiation of process of compulsory delisting of the non-compliant listed entities. In addition to the above, SEBI is also empowered to initiate action under sections 11(4), 11B and 15I of the SEBI Act, 1992 against non-compliant entities and issue such directions as it deems fit.

The Companies Act, 2013 (Act) contains adequate provisions to promote good corporate governance and protect interest of investors including minority shareholders. The Minister stated that the Act contains provisions on following important aspects relating to good corporate governance:-

(i) Greater accountability on companies provided including through appointment of Key Managerial Personnel (KMPs), role of audit committee(s), independent audit, stricter regulation of related party transactions and restriction on layers of companies.

(ii) Enhanced disclosures mandated including through board’s report, financial statements as well as filings with Registrar of Companies to ensure that all relevant information is available to investors and regulatory agencies; disclosures in respect of significant beneficial ownership also provided;

(iii) Stricter regulation provided with regard to acceptance of deposits by companies.

(iv) Disciplined financial regulation through audit and oversight mechanism provided. More accountable role for auditors provided. Stringent provisions with regard to independence of auditors provided. Cost audit and secretariat audit provided for specified classes of companies. National Financial Reporting Authority established to oversee the quality of service of the Accounting and auditing profession and take action against misconduct in certain cases.

(v) More effective role for Board of Directors and Committees of Directors provided. The requirements of appointment of Independent directors and woman directors provided for prescribed classes of companies. Provisions for Vigil mechanism (whistle blowing) provided for prescribed classes of companies.

(vi) Stringent enforcement action through inspection, inquiry and investigation provided so that non compliances are taken seriously and necessary action taken. Serious Fraud Investigation Office recognized in the Companies Act, 2013 with adequate powers including powers to arrest. Term “Fraud” defined and stringent punishment provided thereto.

(vii) Auditors (including cost auditor and secretarial auditor) required to report fraud noticed by them to Central Government/audit committee/Board.

Giving more details, the Minister stated that provisions with regard to protection of interests of investors in the Companies Act, 2013 are briefly given below:

(i) Shareholders Associations/Group of Shareholders empowered to take legal action in case of actions relating to mis-statements in prospectus/fraudulently inducing persons to invest money in the company.

(ii) Protection of claim of an investor over unclaimed dividend etc. beyond the existing limit of 7 years. Such amounts can be claimed through Investor Education and Protection Fund (IEPF) even after 7 years.

(iii) IEPF account to be utilized for refund of unclaimed dividends; application monies due for refund; and promotion of investors’ education, awareness etc. IEPF accounts also to be utilized for re-distribution of disgorged amount to identifiable victims.

(iv) In case of listed companies, small shareholders (i.e. shareholders holding shares of nominal value of ₹ 20,000 or less) empowered to elect a director in accordance with prescribed rules.

(v) Provisions for prevention of oppression and mismanagement along with action against persons engaged in fraudulent activities retained in the Act.

(vi) ‘Class Action’ provided for preventive action through orders from Tribunal. Requisite number of members and depositors may approach Tribunal for this purpose.

(vii) Requirement for offer for sale of shares (exit option) to be given to minority shareholders in case of acquisition of 90% or more shares by any other company or group of persons or persons acting in concert.

(viii) The scope of postal ballot (including electronic voting) widened. Certain important matters as stated below are required to be conducted through postal/ electronic voting:

(a) Alteration of Memorandum of Association /Articles of Association in certain cases;

(b) Change of registered office address;

(c) Change in objects for which company raised money from public as provided in section 13 (8);

(d) Issue of shares with differential rights;

(e) Giving of loans and investment exceeding 60% of company’s paid-up share capital, free reserves and securities premium account or 100% of company’s free reserves and securities premium account, whichever is more.

Corporate governance enforcement expanded: fraud investigations and statutory investor protections reinforced under company and securities frameworks. Investigations into alleged misuse of corporate structures and fraud have been assigned to the Serious Fraud Investigation Office and Regional Directors, while securities and company law frameworks enable enforcement through exchange levied sanctions, freezing of promoter holdings, suspension or delisting for persistent non compliance, and statutory enforcement powers. The Companies Act, 2013 establishes enhanced corporate governance measures-managerial accountability, audit oversight, disclosure obligations, regulation of related party transactions, director composition rules, whistle blower mechanisms, SFIO powers and auditor duties to report fraud-alongside investor protections including restitution via the Investor Education and Protection Fund, class action remedies, and expanded postal/electronic voting for key corporate actions.