Financial inclusion reform expands access via technology, BCs, Aadhaar-linked accounts and demand-side literacy to deepen formal finance.
RBI advances financial inclusion through technology-enabled supply-side measures-Banking Correspondents, mandated branch expansion in unbanked rural centres, Aadhaar-enabled Basic Savings Bank Deposit Accounts, Board-approved Financial Inclusion Plans, differentiated licences for Small Finance and Payments Banks, and a BC registry and certification-while complementing these with demand-side interventions such as financial literacy centres, skill training institutes, and Direct Benefit Transfer linkage to increase account usage and financial capability.

Non performing assets management: stronger credit risk frameworks and timely resolution to restore bank resilience and lending capacity.
Non-performing assets and stressed loans have surged, concentrated in industry, infrastructure and large borrowers, caused by weak underwriting, high promoter leverage, inadequate post disbursement supervision and excessive reliance on loan restructuring to postpone recognition. Effective credit risk management requires robust underwriting, independent second line risk functions, strict sanction discipline, timely classification and resolution of stressed accounts, portfolio diversification and committed board and senior management oversight. Regulatory measures include a large loan database for lender coordination, restructuring and resolution schemes that separate sustainable debt, incentives for timely action, governance reforms and capital support to restore bank resilience.