Appeals from CCI decisions remain largely pending before NCLAT, with a portion decided and the remainder unresolved.
A total of 328 appeals against Competition Commission decisions were filed for appellate review before the National Company Law Appellate Tribunal; 80 appeals were decided and 248 remained pending as of the reporting cut off, according to a ministerial written reply providing case filing and disposition data.

Suspension of corporate insolvency temporarily shields pandemic-period defaults from initiation of CIRP, alongside compliance relief measures.
The Ministry of Corporate Affairs introduced temporary reliefs allowing companies and LLPs to regularise overdue filings without additional fees or prosecutions under schemes including the Companies Fresh Start Scheme and LLP Settlement Scheme; relaxed timelines and fee rules for creation or modification of charges and provided condonation for companies restored by tribunal order; and effected insolvency relief by raising the default threshold and temporarily suspending initiation of Corporate Insolvency Resolution Processes while protecting directors from personal liability for COVID period defaults.

Minimum Government - Maximum Governance steers fiscal policy, prioritising multiplier spending and DFI-led infrastructure financing with transparency.
The Government adopts the Minimum Government - Maximum Governance principle, prioritising public expenditure on sectors with high multiplier effects while maintaining disciplined oversight of fiscal deficit. Long term infrastructure financing is to be delivered through Development Finance Institutions, with private DFIs encouraged to create competitive financing. Budgetary borrowing and spending are presented with an emphasis on transparency, making fiscal operations openly visible.

Private sector participation to drive growth, with government facilitating through DFIs, ARCs and transparent fiscal policy.
The Finance Minister positioned the Government as a facilitator of private sector-led growth, highlighting Budget choices of financing via borrowing and stressing transparency and tax stability. Institutional measures include a DFI combining government capital with market funding and legislative space for private DFIs, and an ARC to be floated by banks with government support to manage NPAs. Policy focus targets infrastructure, healthcare and agriculture to catalyse private investment while committing to leakage free implementation and sustained industry dialogue.

Digital corporate compliance platform enabling e adjudication, automated scrutiny and AI driven e consultation for regulatory enforcement.
The upgraded digital corporate registry platform integrates data analytics, AI/ML and micro services architecture to support a Central Scrutiny Cell for targeted e Scrutiny, an e adjudication module for end to end electronic adjudication and hearings, an e Consultation module that captures structured public comments with AI sentiment analysis, and a Compliance Management System to detect non compliance, issue e notices and drive rule based enforcement, supported by an expert MCA Lab and interoperable APIs.

Small company definition expanded, enabling reduced reporting, relaxed audit obligations and lower compliance burdens for eligible firms.
The Ministry of Corporate Affairs increased the paid-up capital and turnover thresholds defining Small Companies under the Companies Act, 2013, expanding eligibility for reduced regulatory obligations. Eligible small companies are relieved from preparing a cash flow statement, must disclose only aggregate director remuneration in the annual return, are not subject to mandatory auditor rotation, face no auditor reporting requirement on internal financial control effectiveness, may hold only two board meetings annually, may have the annual return signed by the company secretary or a single director, and incur lower penalties and filing fees.

One Person Company rules liberalised: NRIs allowed, residency reduced and conversion and growth restrictions removed.
Amendments permit any Indian citizen, resident or otherwise, to form an OPC; reduce residency test to 120 days; allow conversion of an OPC into a private or public company at any time subject to member and director thresholds; remove paid-up capital and turnover limits on OPCs; rationalise e-forms by omitting INC-5 and modifying INC-6; and extend the fast-track merger route to include startups and small companies, effective 1 April 2021.

Early lockdown and hedging for worst case scenarios guided integrated public health and economic measures to protect lives and enable recovery.
The Survey explains a research driven, worst case hedging policy that employed early lockdown, quarantining, expanded testing, contact tracing and behavioural measures to delay and reduce peak mortality while scaling medical capacity; economic measures were sequenced afterward, combining calibrated demand support and structural supply side reforms to restore productive capacity and enable a medium term V shaped recovery.

Public health spending increase urged to reduce out of pocket costs and strengthen regulation, market structure, and telemedicine.
The document urges increasing public health expenditure to reduce out of pocket spending and improve health outcomes; recommends continuing the National Health Mission alongside large public insurance schemes; calls for government action to restructure the healthcare market, mitigate information asymmetry via information utilities, and consider a dedicated sectoral regulator; and advocates scaling telemedicine and digital health platforms while building agile health infrastructure.

Health insurance expansion under PMJAY linked to greater insurance coverage and improved child and family planning outcomes.
The Economic Survey 2020-21 finds that PMJAY adoption is associated with greater health insurance penetration, reduced infant and under five mortality, improved family planning utilisation and increased HIV/AIDS awareness, based on a difference-in-difference comparison of NFHS 4 and NFHS 5 between adopter and non adopter states; it also notes continued utilisation of services like dialysis during the pandemic and heterogeneous effects on delivery care indicators.

Digital education expansion widens remote access and prompts unified initiatives, teacher training and vocational integration reforms.
Online schooling expanded markedly during the COVID-19 pandemic, driven by large increases in student smartphone ownership in rural areas and consolidated national digital education initiatives. The government promoted multi-modal access through a unified digital education initiative, expanded online course offerings and teacher training, issued guidelines for online/blended instruction, allocated targeted funding to states, and included psychological support measures to sustain equitable learning continuity during school closures.

Labour law consolidation modernising worker protections and social security, extending coverage to informal and gig economy workers.
The document explains the Labour Code Consolidation converting twenty nine central labour laws into four codes on wages, industrial relations, occupational safety and social security to align law with changing labour markets and extend minimum wage and welfare protections to unorganised, self employed and migrant workers; it describes pandemic era labour market shifts, vulnerabilities of casual and migrant workers, growth of formal EPF subscribers, emergence of gig work, and policy responses including EPFO relief measures and the Aatmanirbhar Bharat Rojgar Yojana to support formal hiring and worker welfare.

Economic growth priority recommended to reduce poverty by expanding the economic pie rather than centring redistribution.
Economic growth should remain the primary policy focus for poverty alleviation because state level analysis finds per capita income has a far greater impact on reducing poverty than inequality; redistribution remains important but is practicable only after the economic pie grows.

Social sector expenditure rise signals increased combined central state spending as percentage of GDP to support pandemic relief measures.
Combined social sector expenditure by the Centre and States increased as a share of GDP in 2020-21, driven by pandemic relief and stimulus measures that augmented spending on education, health and other social services. The Survey ties this fiscal reallocation to direct cash transfers, expanded in kind support and credit measures for vulnerable groups, alongside strengthened health infrastructure, immunisation rollout, labour code consolidation, employment incentives and expanded rural employment outlays.

Counter-cyclical fiscal policy: growth-focused public investment can improve debt sustainability and catalyse private investment.
An active counter-cyclical fiscal policy is warranted because growth drives debt sustainability in India; with the Interest Rate Growth Rate Differential typically negative, growth-stimulating fiscal measures-including multi-year public investment and targeted expansionary spending-can lower debt-to-GDP ratios, with larger fiscal multipliers during crises and potential to crowd in private investment while preserving fiscal responsibility.

Private sector R&D investment must sharply increase to transform innovation capacity and elevate national economic standing.
The Economic Survey 2020-21 calls for a significant increase in gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD) and a major rise in private sector contribution and R&D personnel to strengthen innovation. It emphasises raising residents' share in patent filings and accelerating patent growth, while targeting institutional reforms-insolvency resolution, ease of starting businesses, stability, and regulatory quality-to improve business sophistication and enable private sector led R&D expansion.

Regulatory forbearance risks: conduct Asset Quality Review immediately after withdrawal to prevent credit misallocation and undercapitalization.
Regulatory forbearance relaxed classification and provisioning norms for restructured loans, and the Survey recommends conducting an Asset Quality Review immediately after forbearance is withdrawn to reveal true asset performance, restore provisioning discipline, and correct credit misallocation that led to undercapitalization and weakened firm governance.

Regulatory simplification paired with enhanced supervision reduces opaque discretion and improves administrative efficiency through transparency and accountability mechanisms.
Call for simplification of regulatory processes to address administrative inefficiency and opaque discretion arising from overregulation. Using the incomplete contracts framework, the Survey explains that bounded rationality and verification limits make complete regulation impossible; increasing regulatory complexity reduces verifiability and fosters opaque discretion. The prescribed solution is simple regulations combined with strengthened supervision, improved transparency, robust ex ante accountability, and ex post resolution mechanisms to balance retained discretion and improve administrative outcomes.

Infrastructure investment drives recovery as NIP and PPP frameworks mobilize private participation and accelerate capacity expansion.
A strong rebound in economic activity is driven by infrastructure investment through the National Infrastructure Pipeline, jointly funded by central, state and private actors to accelerate projects across energy, roads, urban infrastructure and railways. Public Private Partnerships, appraised by the PPP Appraisal Committee and supported by a revamped Viability Gap Funding scheme, are the principal channel to mobilize private finance for core and social infrastructure. Sectoral capacity expansion in transport, power, ports and digital networks underlies the recovery strategy.

Seizure of smuggled gold disrupted cross-border trafficking; coordinated operation led to arrests and ongoing investigation.
Intelligence-led DRI action recovered 335 gold bars (55.61 kg) from eight persons at Delhi and Lucknow after coordinated operations by Delhi and Lucknow Zonal Units. The operation revealed a shift in smuggler modus operandi to in-person concealment using belts, forming part of a series of recent large seizures; the eight suspects were apprehended and investigations continue.