Renewable energy expansion increases electricity share and creates sustained investment opportunities, reinforcing energy transition and climate mitigation objectives.
India is undertaking a large renewable energy expansion programme that has more than doubled cumulative renewable installed capacity (excluding large hydro) from 35 GW to 78 GW between March 2014 and March 2019, with a target to reach 175 GW by 2022. The Survey treats renewable resources as a strategic national resource tied to energy access, security and climate mitigation, and identifies sizable additional investment needs up to 2022 and further investment requirements for 2023-2030, creating sustained annualized investment opportunities while acknowledging an ongoing role for fossil-fuel generation.

Data as a public good must be enabled by government intervention to unlock societal benefits while safeguarding privacy.
Government intervention is necessary to treat data as a public good, centralising disparate administrative, survey and transaction datasets to enhance ease of living, enable evidence-based policy, improve welfare targeting and public-service accountability. The data system should rely on information shared with government with fully informed consent or lawfully collected data, and reform must address the four stages-gathering, storing, processing and disseminating-while embedding privacy, fairness and legal safeguards and using privacy-preserving technologies.

Social services spending boosts access to education, health, and social protection while expanding beneficiary coverage nationwide.
Expenditure on social services rose as a share of GDP to 2018-19, with increases in education and health spending; this fiscal prioritisation supported expanded coverage under major social protection schemes, enhanced gender-responsive financial inclusion and decision-making, improvements in education access and learning outcomes alongside remaining concerns on secondary dropouts and teacher shortages, and measurable gains in health indicators. Complementary skilling, employment and connectivity interventions aim to translate social investment into better employability and access to services, framing these measures as central to advancing human capital and Sustainable Development Goals.

Inflation control measures emphasize food-price stabilization and market interventions to sustain low headline inflation nationwide.
The Economic Survey attributes the multi-year decline in headline inflation to subdued food inflation, noting rural inflation fell more sharply than urban inflation and many States recorded lower CPI rates. It highlights food deflation driven by vegetables, fruits, pulses, sugar and eggs, and records moderate WPI movements. To contain inflation the Government uses monitoring, advisories, production incentives and market interventions, including strategic releases from the Price Stabilization Fund and utilization of buffer stocks to stabilize food prices.

Universal sanitation access drives behavioral change and public health improvements under the Swachh Bharat Mission.
The Swachh Bharat Mission seeks universal sanitation coverage by combining household toilet construction, behavioural change interventions and waste management systems; it reports large scale IHHL construction and widespread ODF declarations, ties these outcomes to reductions in diarrhoeal and vectorborne disease and adverse birth outcomes, and implements operational mechanisms including cash incentives with defined central-state shares, community participation, capacity building, geo tagging monitoring and complementary SLWM activities.

Rail safety improvements reduced collisions to zero and supported freight, electrification and green initiatives across the network.
Incidents of train collisions fell to zero and derailments decreased in 2018-19, while revenue-earning freight and passenger carriage both increased; Indian Railways is pursuing a program to electrify the Broad Gauge network by 2021 with a substantial portion of traffic already on electric traction, alongside initiatives for station cleanliness, green certification of stations and units, and upgrades to passenger amenities and mechanized maintenance.

Incentivizing infant firms to grow by replacing untargeted size benefits with age limited incentives and targeted credit.
Reorient support for MSMEs by shifting untargeted size based incentives to age qualified infant firms, imposing sunset clauses with grandfathering, using promoter identification to prevent misuse, and prioritising credit via Priority Sector Lending toward startups and infants in high employment elastic manufacturing and service subsectors to maximise job creation and productivity.

Flexible labour laws linked to higher manufacturing productivity and employment generation across states after state-level reforms.
Deregulation of labour law restrictions is presented as a driver of industrial growth and employment, with States that adopted more flexible labour-market rules achieving higher manufacturing productivity and attracting capital. The document highlights that size-based applicability thresholds in major labour statutes-covering industrial disputes, trade union registration, standing orders, factories regulation, contract labour, minimum wages coverage, social security schemes and provident fund applicability-determine when regulatory obligations apply and thus shape the regulatory burden on establishments.

Irrigation water productivity must replace land centric measures to conserve groundwater and boost farm sustainability.
Priority should shift from land productivity to irrigation water productivity, with policy incentives and emphasis on micro irrigation to improve water use efficiency. The Survey warns of unsustainable groundwater use driven by water intensive crops and distorted incentives, and recommends optimal fertilizer use tied to soil health, promotion of organic and water soluble fertilizers, and adoption of Zero Budget Natural Farming. It stresses resource efficiency for smallholder farming through micro irrigation, ICT based climate smart practices, dynamic cropping patterns, and improved access to credit and allied sector development.

Rule of law: investing in judicial capacity can accelerate case clearance and improve the business environment.
The Survey identifies delays in contract enforcement concentrated in the lower judiciary as a major constraint on economic governance and Ease of Doing Business, and recommends targeted investment in judicial capacity-adding judges in lower courts, prioritising States with low clearance rates, and promoting specialization for high pendency case types. It further urges operational reforms: increase working days, establish an administrative courts and tribunal service, and deploy court technology such as the eCourts initiative and a national judicial data grid to achieve substantial productivity gains and clear backlogs.

Access to clean cooking fuel: promoting sustained household LPG use through continued refills and subsidy rationalisation.
Priority is ensuring access to sustainable and clean energy with emphasis on maintaining household LPG use for cooking through continued refilling and delivery mechanisms. Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana expanded LPG connections to millions of households, and subsidy rationalisation through the Direct Benefit Transfer scheme (PAHAL) is presented as the operational mechanism to target subsidies directly and reduce leakage, supporting sustained adoption of clean cooking fuel.

Resource Efficiency approach prioritized to integrate SDG delivery with climate finance mobilisation and large-scale sustainable investments.
India integrates development, environmental and climate objectives by mainstreaming a national Resource Efficiency approach and recommends a harmonised National Policy on Resource Efficiency. The Economic Survey links major national initiatives-sanitation, housing, clean energy, urban development, river rejuvenation and a National Clean Air Programme-to SDG delivery and stresses that implementing India's Nationally Determined Contribution requires mobilising domestic, international and private finance while upholding the principles of equity and common but differentiated responsibilities.

Per-capita energy consumption increase needed to boost real per-capita GDP and prompt efficiency-driven energy policy.
India must substantially raise per-capita energy consumption to achieve higher real per-capita GDP and human development, while ensuring access to affordable, reliable and sustainable energy. Energy efficiency is a complementary strategy: national programmes produced significant cost savings and CO2 reductions, with major contributions from performance-based schemes, lighting initiatives, and standards-and-labelling; policy should prioritise enhanced efficiency across sectors and technological solutions to improve resource utilisation.

Minimum wage redesign: national floor, unified code, regular updates and accessible grievance redress for better wage protection.
Redesign recommends consolidating wage laws into a single code with a standardised definition of wage, extending minimum wage coverage to all sectors, and setting minimum wages using skill and/or geographic criteria. The Central Government should notify a National Floor Minimum Wage with regional variation; states must set wages not below that floor. A national dashboard for regular updates and an easy-to-remember toll-free grievance number are proposed to ensure frequent adjustment, transparency, and worker access to redress for non-payment.

Behavioural economics: recommend establishing a dedicated unit and mandatory behavioural economics audit for public programmes.
To institutionalise behavioural insights, the Economic Survey recommends creation of a Behavioural Economics Unit and mandates a behavioural economics audit of every programme prior to implementation, so that programme design, testing, and rollout systematically account for social norms, default options, repeated reinforcements and other context-specific behavioural diagnostics to improve policy efficacy.

Centrally Sponsored Schemes rationalization increases state flexibility and expenditure share, raising flexi fund and fiscal devolution consequences.
Central Government consolidated Centrally Sponsored Schemes from sixty-six to twenty-eight and increased the flexi fund within each scheme, enhancing States' ability to prioritise local needs. Implementation of Finance Commission recommendations raised central tax devolution to States, increasing their resource availability. These structural changes coincided with an upward trend in Union Expenditure Budget outlays for the consolidated schemes, culminating in a marked rise in the interim budget estimate for the latest year, as reported by the finance minister in Parliament.

Fake motor insurance policies: regulator warns public and mandates fraud monitoring, public notices and verification tools.
IRDAI reported a year-wise incidence of fake motor policies, identified specific unauthorised entities and issued public notices while lodging police complaints; it requires insurers to maintain a fraud monitoring framework and promotes consumer tools including a Unique Identification Number for registered products, online approved-product lists, and policy/insurer verification via its consumer website.

Fund of Funds support for startups channels capital through AIFs while pairing regulatory relief and IPR fast track measures.
Start up India creates a combined recognition, regulatory relief and ecosystem platform with a central Startup India Hub and portal, legal and IPR support including fast track patent examination, relaxed public procurement norms, faster exit procedures, and ecosystem measures such as incubators and research parks. The Fund of Funds for Startups (FFS), monitored by DPIIT and operated through SIDBI, commits capital to SEBI registered AIFs which invest in startups; complementary measures include a Credit Guarantee facility and tax exemptions to incentivise investment and growth. State level startup policies and state wise registration and investment data guide decentralised implementation.

In-house specialist cadre: officers urged to apply academic knowledge and provide broad-based economic insights and stay updated on trends.
Officers should apply academic training to generate innovative, context-sensitive economic ideas that reflect human, geographical and local diversity and the unpredictability of human behaviour; they must adopt a broad-based outlook beyond narrow project terms, stay updated on domestic and global trends, and act as credible data and advice sources. The Indian Economic Service functions as an in-house specialist cadre tasked with in-depth research, macro and sectoral analysis, and provision of specialist inputs to inform government policy, with expectation that officers contribute fresh, practical suggestions throughout their careers.

Atal Pension Yojana eligibility: citizens aged eighteen to forty, including Mudra, SHG members and Anganwadi workers may join.
PFRDA has proposed increasing the pension limit and upper age for Atal Pension Yojana; APY is open to Indian citizens aged eighteen to forty and explicitly includes Mudra beneficiaries, Self Help Group members and Anganwadi workers who meet that age criterion, with state wise beneficiary figures for 2016-2019 appended.