Recognition of Property, Plant and Equipment: cost components determine capitalisation and exclusions dictate profit or loss treatment. Ind AS 16 requires initial recognition of PPE at cost, which includes purchase price (net of trade discounts), non refundable taxes and duties, directly attributable costs (delivery, installation, professional fees, direct materials and labour, site preparation, testing and trial production), and the present value of dismantling, decommissioning and restoration obligations, reduced by asset specific government grants and investment income on temporarily invested loan proceeds. Excluded from capitalisation are general administration, staff training, relocation, inaugural costs, abnormal losses, initial operating losses, cash discounts, and interest on borrowings unless permitted. Deferred payment excess is treated as finance cost, and exchange transactions are measured by reference to fair value when they have commercial substance.