Expected credit loss model requires recognising lifetime expected losses when credit risk has significantly increased since initial recognition. The impairment framework under Ind AS 109 requires a loss allowance for expected credit losses on financial assets measured at amortised cost or FVTOCI, certain lease receivables, contract assets, loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts, excluding assets measured at FVTPL and financial liabilities. Measurement must be probability weighted, time value adjusted and forward looking. Entities must recognise lifetime expected credit losses when there has been a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition; methods include the General Approach (twelve month or lifetime ECL), the Simplified Approach (lifetime ECL for receivables and related contract assets) and the Purchased/Originated Credit Impaired approach, with calculation via PDxLGD or provisioning matrices.