36. Earlier in August, as U.S. investors were preoccupied with domestic news on the elections and markets, an interesting development happened halfway around the globe. India's legislature, after a notoriously long process, approved one of the most ambitious tax reforms in history - the Goods and Services Tax (GST) bill.
Overall, GST is India's attempt to create the largest marketplace with standardized tax rates ever. It is also a reminder of the Modi government's serious push for reforms to make it easier to do business in India. Most of India's macro factors have improved recently, earnings of corporate India are steadily improving and the central government is gradually pushing positive policy changes.
So, let's take a look at what GST is and how it affects various sectors of the Indian economy.
What Is GST?
Broadly speaking, governments collect revenues/taxes in two categories:
- Direct taxes or taxes paid by individuals (e.g., income tax, wealth tax, capital gains tax, etc.) or corporations (e.g., corporate tax).
- Indirect taxes or taxes collected by intermediaries (e.g., retail stores) in lieu of goods or services purchased or sold, like a sales tax or value-added tax (VAT).
Typically, in developing countries, indirect taxes make up a greater portion of total taxes. In the U.S., taxes on goods and services are 5%1 of total tax collection, while in India they account for over 30%.2
India's GST is a bold attempt to streamline these indirect taxes and increase tax compliance. Taxes in India are split into an array of federal and state taxes. Not only does every state have its own rate, but each could also levy extra taxes depending on the category of sale (e.g., luxury taxes on high-end hotels, entertainment taxes on movies).
GST aims to subsume these taxes under two distinct categories of central and state tax, as shown in the chart below.
Taxes Subsumed by GST State and Central Taxes
