Issues: Whether the addition of Rs. 4,35,68,678 for alleged bogus purchases was sustainable.

Analysis: The disputed purchase amount had not been shown to appear in the assessee's books. The assessing officer had not resolved the assessee's claim that purchases amounted to Rs. 15,150 and did not furnish the requested remand report. The Tribunal referred to a 6% restriction in comparable accommodation-entry cases and noted that no distinguishing facts had been identified. The first appellate authority regarded the smaller purchase amount as insignificant in the diamond trade.

Conclusion: The addition of Rs. 4,35,68,678 does not survive.

Issues: Whether the reassessment notice was valid when it was dated 31 March 2021 but received by email on 1 April 2021.

Analysis: The email evidence recorded receipt after expiry of the applicable limitation period, while the assessing officer's report did not establish earlier delivery. The adopted precedent addressed the change in the reassessment notice procedure under the Income-tax Act, 1961, effective from 1 April 2021.

Conclusion: The notice was invalid and the reassessment was void ab initio.

Issues: Whether the declared transaction value of imports from a related supplier could be rejected and customs duty redetermined.

Analysis: The Customs Valuation Rules require sequential application of transaction value and comparable-goods methods before resort to later valuation methods. A relationship between buyer and seller does not by itself establish that the declared price was influenced. Prices of identical or similar goods imported from unrelated suppliers had been accepted, while no impact of the relationship on the prices of the imports in question was demonstrated.

Conclusion: The declared values are accepted and the differential duty demand is set aside, in favour of the assessee. The confiscation and penalties are also set aside.

Ratio Decidendi: A related-party relationship alone does not justify rejection of a declared customs transaction value without evidence that it influenced the price; alternative valuation methods must be applied sequentially.

Issues: (i) Whether wilful disobedience of the direction governing operation of the company's bank accounts was established; (ii) whether an appeal lies against dismissal of a contempt petition.

Issue (i): Whether wilful disobedience of the direction governing operation of the company's bank accounts was established.

Analysis: Punishment for contempt requires deliberate disobedience to be established beyond doubt. The record did not establish issuance of the disputed cheques after the direction or their encashment or withdrawal of the amounts. The transactions were attributed to post-dated cheques already in the applicant's possession.

Conclusion: Wilful disobedience was not established.

Issue (ii): Whether an appeal lies against dismissal of a contempt petition.

Analysis: Section 425 of the Companies Act attracts the Contempt of Courts Act, including its appellate provision. The statutory right of appeal under Section 19 applies to an order imposing punishment for contempt. In contempt jurisdiction, the applicant informs the Tribunal of an alleged breach; continuation of proceedings is thereafter a matter for the Tribunal.

Conclusion: No appeal lies under Section 19 against dismissal of the contempt petition.

Final Conclusion: The refusal to initiate contempt proceedings remains undisturbed.

Ratio Decidendi: An appeal under Section 19 of the Contempt of Courts Act does not lie against dismissal of a contempt petition where no punishment for contempt has been imposed.

Issues: (i) Whether activities performed in mining areas, including composite contracts, were taxable as mining services; (ii) whether the extended period of limitation applied to the demands; (iii) whether penalties under sections 77 and 78 of the Finance Act, 1994 were sustainable.

Issue (i): Whether activities performed in mining areas, including composite contracts, were taxable as mining services.

Analysis: Classification depends on the essential character of the activity, not its location or the recipient's business. Auxiliary civil, mechanical, maintenance and transport activities lack the necessary operational connection with mineral extraction merely because they occur within a mining area. Composite contracts involving labour and transfer of goods fall under the works contract service entry. Work orders, invoices and VAT returns evidenced materials supplied alongside labour and VAT paid on the material component as a deemed sale. The notice did not invoke the works contract service category.

Conclusion: The composite contracts are classifiable as works contract services, and the mining-service demand is set aside in favour of the assessee.

Issue (ii): Whether the extended period of limitation applied to the demands.

Analysis: The extended period requires specified conduct, such as suppression of facts, with intent to evade tax. The transactions appeared in service-tax returns and statutory accounts, and tax had been paid under works contract service. No corroborative evidence established an intent to evade, and the payment supported a bona fide belief about the classification.

Conclusion: The extended period cannot sustain the challenged demands, in favour of the assessee.

Issue (iii): Whether penalties under sections 77 and 78 of the Finance Act, 1994 were sustainable.

Analysis: The circumstances necessary for a penalty under section 78, including conduct with intent to evade tax, were not established. The payment already made, bona fide belief and concession of other tax liabilities were relevant to the penalty under section 77.

Conclusion: The penalties under sections 77 and 78 are set aside in favour of the assessee.

Final Conclusion: The mining-service demand and penalties no longer subsist; the uncontested service-tax liabilities and interest remain to be appropriated against tax already paid.

Ratio Decidendi: Service-tax classification depends on the essential character of the activity, not its location or the recipient's business.

Issues: Whether the penalty for transporting goods with an incomplete Part B and an expired e-way bill could be waived because the goods matched the invoices and intent to evade tax was not established.

Analysis: Section 68 and the e-way bill rules prescribe documentation for goods in transit, while Section 129 provides for penalty. At interception, vehicle particulars had not been entered in Part B and another e-way bill had expired two days earlier. No valid reason for the omissions or delay was established. The registered person's compliance duty was non-delegable; the transporter's negligence, matching invoices and subsequent return declarations did not cure the contravention at interception.

Conclusion: Waiver of the penalty was not justified; the penalty was upheld against the assessee.

Ratio Decidendi: Transporting goods without updated vehicle particulars in an e-way bill or under an expired e-way bill, without a valid reason, is a substantive contravention attracting penalty. Matching invoices, subsequent declarations and transporter negligence do not cure the defect.

Issues: (i) Whether revision was justified in respect of the cash deposits and alleged deposit discrepancy; (ii) whether revision was justified in respect of liquidity and fixed investments; (iii) whether revision was justified in respect of possible cash payments for a property; (iv) whether revision was justified in respect of increased turnover and a declining net-profit ratio; (v) whether revision was justified in respect of the valuation of purchases, sales and inventory.

Issue (i): Whether revision was justified in respect of the cash deposits and alleged deposit discrepancy.

Analysis: Section 263 permits revision of an assessment that is erroneous and prejudicial to revenue, including where necessary enquiries have not been made. The Assessing Officer had sought bank statements, the cash book, deposit details and explanations of cash sales. The deposit entries were supported by the cash book, and one deposit date had been incorrectly recorded in the revision notice. The Commissioner identified no specific deficiency in the sales details and did not provide the requested basis for the alleged discrepancy.

Conclusion: Revision on the cash deposits and alleged discrepancy was not justified, in favour of the assessee.

Issue (ii): Whether revision was justified in respect of liquidity and fixed investments.

Analysis: The explanation linked the turnover to fast-selling goods and later payments to suppliers. The investment statement showed that the identified investments were opening balances, while the increase in fixed assets related to a car. No adverse finding was made on the explained liquidity or the audited accounts.

Conclusion: Revision on liquidity and fixed investments was not justified, in favour of the assessee.

Issue (iii): Whether revision was justified in respect of possible cash payments for a property.

Analysis: The search-related observations did not identify how the material was relevant to the assessment year. The explanation that the property payments were made in earlier years was not contradicted by identified material.

Conclusion: Revision on the possible property-related cash payments was not justified, in favour of the assessee.

Issue (iv): Whether revision was justified in respect of increased turnover and a declining net-profit ratio.

Analysis: The apparent decline in net profit reflected a GST amount and penalty charged to the accounts but added back in the income computation. Comparative expenses were not adversely addressed, and the increase in turnover was explained by the recovery following the COVID period.

Conclusion: Revision on turnover and the net-profit ratio was not justified, in favour of the assessee.

Issue (v): Whether revision was justified in respect of the valuation of purchases, sales and inventory.

Analysis: Section 145A requires inclusive valuation of purchases, sales and inventory for specified taxes, duties, cess and fees. The accounting explanation and auditor's note showed that GST and cess were separately recorded rather than included in those valuations.

Conclusion: Revision on the valuation issue was justified, against the assessee.

Final Conclusion: Fresh assessment remains confined to the valuation issue; the other grounds for revision do not survive.

Ratio Decidendi: Revision for inadequate enquiry requires a substantiated assessment error prejudicial to revenue; an established breach of mandatory valuation rules can satisfy that requirement.

Issues: Whether credit for tax deducted at source should be granted for the corresponding income.

Analysis: The return was processed under Section 143(1) of the Income-tax Act, 1961 without granting the disputed credit. Form 26AS reflected the corresponding income and tax deducted, and credit had also been granted to a co-owner.

Conclusion: The assessee is entitled to tax deducted at source credit to the extent it relates to corresponding income.

Issues: Whether the assessee's goods carriages attracted the presumptive income rate for heavy goods vehicles rather than the rate for other goods carriages.

Analysis: Section 44AE of the Income-tax Act, 1961 defines a heavy goods vehicle by reference to a gross vehicle weight exceeding 12,000 kilograms and prescribes a weight-based presumptive income rate. The framework applied, including the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 and the CBDT circular, treats unladen weight as relevant to tractors or road-rollers. The vehicles had an undisputed gross vehicle weight of 49,000 kilograms each and an unladen weight of 10,200 kilograms; they were not shown to be tractors or road-rollers.

Conclusion: The heavy-goods-vehicle rate applies, and the addition of Rs. 16,40,000 is sustained against the assessee.

Issues: Whether a late-filing fee and consequential interest could be levied on a TDS statement for assessment year 2013-14 processed after 1 June 2015.

Analysis: Section 234E provided for a late-filing fee, while Section 200A(1)(c), introduced with effect from 1 June 2015, supplied the mechanism for computing that fee during processing of TDS statements. The Tribunal applied High Court authority addressing assessment years 2012-13 to 2014-15, including statements processed after the amendment. The statement in question related to assessment year 2013-14 and was processed after the amendment.

Conclusion: The fee and consequential interest were unlawful and the levy was set aside, in favour of the assessee.

Ratio Decidendi: The power to compute late-filing fees during TDS statement processing cannot be applied to assessment years 2012-13 to 2014-15 merely because processing occurred after the power was introduced.

Issues: Whether environmental preservation expenditure is deductible under the ordinary income-tax provisions where charitable trust registration has been denied.

Analysis: Section 37 of the Income-tax Act, 1961 governs qualifying expenditure incurred wholly and exclusively for business, while section 57 concerns expenditure for earning income from other sources. The claimed expenditure was treated as supported by evidence; the books had not been rejected and the ad hoc disallowance lacked cogent reasons.

Conclusion: The environmental expenditure must be allowed in computing income on the footing that the assessee is carrying on business, at the normal rate.

Issues: (i) Whether the business advance was assessable as unexplained money; (ii) Whether the estimated business-profit addition required fresh adjudication; (iii) Whether the penalty for audit default was sustainable.

Issue (i): Whether the business advance was assessable as unexplained money.

Analysis: The ledger, sale bill and bank statement supported the explanation that the advance was settled during the year through a partial supply of goods and repayment of the balance.

Conclusion: The addition of Rs. 1,59,00,000 as unexplained money was deleted, in favour of the assessee.

Issue (ii): Whether the estimated business-profit addition required fresh adjudication.

Analysis: The estimation under the presumptive taxation provision followed rejection of the books of account and an objection to the audit report available on the departmental portal. Evidence of electronic filing and subsequent furnishing of the report required verification, with an opportunity of hearing.

Conclusion: The issue was restored to the assessing officer for fresh adjudication, in favour of the assessee for statistical purposes.

Issue (iii): Whether the penalty for audit default was sustainable.

Analysis: Section 271B requires failure to obtain an audit or furnish the report as required under section 44AB. The evidence established that the report had been obtained and furnished; the objection concerned the particulars in the report.

Conclusion: The penalty of Rs. 1,50,000 was deleted, in favour of the assessee.

Final Conclusion: The unexplained-money addition and audit penalty do not survive, while the estimated business profit remains open for fresh determination.

Ratio Decidendi: A penalty for audit default requires proof of the statutory failure to obtain an audit or furnish its report; objections to the report's particulars alone do not establish that failure.

Issues: (i) Whether amounts deposited under the Income Declaration Scheme, 2016 were benami property. (ii) Whether the 2016 amendments to the benami law apply retrospectively.

Issue (i): Whether amounts deposited under the Income Declaration Scheme, 2016 were benami property.

Analysis: The statutory definition of a benami transaction requires property held by one person for the benefit of another who provided the consideration. The declarations underlying the deposits had been declared void for misrepresentation and suppression of facts, and the amounts remained with the department without meeting a tax liability. A request by another person to adjust the deposits against his own tax demand supported an inference that he provided the consideration and could benefit from the arrangement.

Conclusion: The attached amount of Rs. 5,30,10,000 was benami property; the declarants were benamidars and the person seeking adjustment was its beneficial owner.

Issue (ii): Whether the 2016 amendments to the benami law apply retrospectively.

Analysis: The Tribunal applied the Supreme Court's distinction between declaratory, curative and procedural machinery provisions and penal provisions creating new offences or enhancing punishment. The amendments supplied machinery for attachment, adjudication and confiscation to give effect to the existing prohibition of benami transactions.

Conclusion: The procedural and machinery amendments, including the confiscation provisions, apply retrospectively; provisions creating new offences or enhancing punishment do not.

Final Conclusion: The attachment remains effective and the confiscation machinery applies, without retrospective imposition of new or enhanced penal consequences.

Ratio Decidendi: The 2016 benami-law amendments operate retrospectively insofar as they are declaratory, curative, procedural or machinery-oriented, but provisions creating new offences or enhancing punishment operate prospectively.

Issues: (i) Whether an MSME promoter was exempt from the prescribed net-worth criterion or entitled to exceptional relaxation; (ii) whether the criterion was arbitrary and the expression of interest could be rejected without consideration of the proposal by the committee of creditors; (iii) whether directed recomputation of the creditor's claim invalidated the criterion or required a revised information memorandum and fresh invitation; and (iv) whether mala fides or bias were established against the resolution professional or committee of creditors.

Issue (i): Whether an MSME promoter was exempt from the prescribed net-worth criterion or entitled to exceptional relaxation.

Analysis: Section 240A of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 removes specified disqualifications under section 29A but does not dispense with the separate positive eligibility criteria prescribed under section 25. A promoter submitting a plan participates as a resolution applicant through the same invitation process. MSME status, promoter status, earnest money, income records and an undertaking to prove funding did not establish the prescribed current net worth. No applicable notification extending the exemption was identified.

Conclusion: The promoter was neither exempt from the criterion nor entitled to exceptional relaxation. The issue was decided against the appellant.

Issue (ii): Whether the criterion was arbitrary and the expression of interest could be rejected without consideration of the proposal by the committee of creditors.

Analysis: The net-worth threshold was approved with reference to the scale and value of the business and applied uniformly to applicants. The committee's commercial wisdom is subject to limited review. Regulation 36A requires the resolution professional to conduct due diligence on expressions of interest against the approved criteria; the applicant was given an opportunity to provide the certificate or explain its absence.

Conclusion: The criterion was not arbitrary, and the non-compliant expression of interest could be rejected without consideration of the proposal by the committee. The issue was decided against the appellant.

Issue (iii): Whether directed recomputation of the creditor's claim invalidated the criterion or required a revised information memorandum and fresh invitation.

Analysis: The threshold was based on the project's scale and asset value, rather than a percentage of the creditor's claim. The recomputed claim was not yet known. Revision of the information memorandum and any fresh invitation were matters for the resolution professional and committee of creditors, while the rejection was to be assessed against the criteria and facts existing when it occurred.

Conclusion: The recomputation direction did not invalidate the criterion or require the requested revisions on the record. The issue was decided against the appellant.

Issue (iv): Whether mala fides or bias were established against the resolution professional or committee of creditors.

Analysis: The criterion applied to all applicants, deficient submissions were handled under the same requirements, and the appellant was given an opportunity to respond. Existing disputes with the sole creditor did not by themselves establish improper conduct.

Conclusion: Mala fides and bias were not established. The issue was decided against the appellant.

Final Conclusion: MSME promoter participation remained subject to the approved financial eligibility criteria, which were not displaced by the claim-recomputation direction.

Ratio Decidendi: The MSME exemption from specified resolution-applicant disqualifications does not displace committee-approved eligibility criteria, which the resolution professional must apply at the expression-of-interest stage, subject to the Code's limited review of commercial decisions.

Outcome: The appeals were dismissed on the ground of low tax effect, with the question of law kept open.

Issues: (i) Whether the adjudicating authority could seek fresh clarification after passing the refund order; (ii) whether the sanctioned refund could be denied in appellate review on a ground absent from the show-cause notice.

Issue (i): Whether the adjudicating authority could seek fresh clarification after passing the refund order.

Analysis: After sanctioning the refund, the adjudicating authority sought the export order and stated that the refund had been granted erroneously. An adjudicating authority becomes functus officio upon passing its final order.

Conclusion: The post-order inquiry was invalid and vitiated the Revenue's appeal process. The issue is decided in favour of the appellant.

Issue (ii): Whether the sanctioned refund could be denied in appellate review on a ground absent from the show-cause notice.

Analysis: The notice sought clarification of service classification and other particulars but did not raise non-production of the export order or non-compliance with Rule 3 of the Export of Service Rules, 2005. The show-cause notice is the foundation of the departmental case, and review or appellate proceedings cannot introduce a new ground.

Conclusion: Denial of the refund on the unnotified ground was unsustainable. The issue is decided in favour of the appellant.

Final Conclusion: The original refund sanction stands restored, with consequential relief as permitted by law.

Ratio Decidendi: Revenue review or appellate proceedings cannot introduce a ground for denying a refund that was absent from the show-cause notice.

Issues: (i) Whether proceeds from the sale of replaced scrap are subject to service tax; (ii) whether reimbursement of outdoor-service and pick-up and drop expenses is taxable; (iii) whether billing and booking cancellation charges are subject to service tax; (iv) whether insurance and endorsement commission receipts are subject to service tax; (v) whether vehicle-sale logistics and handling charges are subject to service tax; (vi) whether Cenvat credit was properly disallowed on the discrepancy between audited accounts and ST-3 returns; and (vii) whether the extended limitation period and penalties apply to the sustained service-tax liabilities.

Issue (i): Whether proceeds from the sale of replaced scrap are subject to service tax.

Analysis: The miscellaneous receipts represented sales of replaced vehicle parts and other scrap on which VAT was paid. Trading in goods falls within the negative list of services; the classification as business auxiliary service had not addressed the nature of those receipts.

Conclusion: The scrap-sale proceeds are not subject to service tax, in favour of the assessee.

Issue (ii): Whether reimbursement of outdoor-service and pick-up and drop expenses is taxable.

Analysis: Section 67 of the Finance Act, 1994 was amended with effect from 14 May 2015 to include reimbursable expenditure charged in the course of providing taxable services in consideration. The receipts arose under a bilateral arrangement for outdoor services, rather than a pure-agent arrangement.

Conclusion: The receipts are taxable on merits, against the assessee.

Issue (iii): Whether billing and booking cancellation charges are subject to service tax.

Analysis: The applicable Board clarifications addressed the nexus between contractual obligations and consideration and the treatment of cancellation fees. The circular relied on for exclusion concerned distribution of input-service credit, not cancellation charges.

Conclusion: The cancellation charges are taxable on merits, against the assessee.

Issue (iv): Whether insurance and endorsement commission receipts are subject to service tax.

Analysis: The receipts were a share of commission for activities connected with execution of insurance policies for retail customers. A taxable service provided as a sub-broker remains liable to tax notwithstanding the principal's liability or potential entitlement to Cenvat credit.

Conclusion: The insurance and endorsement receipts are taxable on merits, against the assessee.

Issue (v): Whether vehicle-sale logistics and handling charges are subject to service tax.

Analysis: Section 66F of the Finance Act, 1994 addresses the essential character of naturally bundled activities. The charges related to pre-sale activities connected with vehicle sales, and separate accounting did not establish an independent service.

Conclusion: The logistics and handling charges are not subject to service tax, in favour of the assessee.

Issue (vi): Whether Cenvat credit was properly disallowed on the discrepancy between audited accounts and ST-3 returns.

Analysis: The audited accounts and returns also differed in taxable value, tax liability and cash payments. The demand isolated credit utilisation without investigating or reconciling those other differences. Credit is taken in account books or statutory records; disclosure in an ST-3 return is not itself a condition of entitlement.

Conclusion: The credit disallowance is set aside, in favour of the assessee.

Issue (vii): Whether the extended limitation period and penalties apply to the sustained service-tax liabilities.

Analysis: The remaining service-tax questions involved interpretation of the governing statutory provisions, attracting the limitation and penalty principles applicable to interpretational disputes.

Conclusion: The extended period cannot be invoked, and the penalties under section 78 are set aside, in favour of the assessee.

Final Conclusion: The taxability of certain service receipts on merits is subject to the bar on extended limitation; the disputed credit disallowance and section 78 penalties do not survive.

Ratio Decidendi: Cenvat credit cannot be disallowed solely by comparing utilisation in audited accounts and statutory returns without examining associated differences in tax liability and payment.

Issues: (i) Whether the Revenue's challenge to the limitation computation under Notification No. 13/2022-Central Tax dated 05.07.2022 travels beyond the show-cause notice and refund-rejection order; (ii) Whether the appellate order could annul the refund-rejection order solely for breach of natural justice without deciding limitation by a reasoned finding; (iii) Whether the original refund application filed on 29.02.2024 was within the limitation prescribed by Section 54(1) of the Central Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017 read with Notification No. 13/2022-Central Tax dated 05.07.2022; (iv) Whether deficiency-memo-driven refilings altered the limitation position of the original refund application; (v) Whether GST paid on a taxable advance that was partly unmatched by subsequent supply was a deposit outside Section 54 of the Central Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017; (vi) Whether the two-year period under Section 54(1) of the Central Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017 is a procedural requirement capable of relaxation.

Issue (i): Whether the Revenue's challenge to the limitation computation under Notification No. 13/2022-Central Tax dated 05.07.2022 travels beyond the show-cause notice and refund-rejection order.

Analysis: The limitation of the refund claim under Section 54 was the foundation of the proceedings from the show-cause stage. A challenge to the arithmetic used in applying the notification to admitted dates did not introduce a new charge, classification, or basis of demand. Restrictions on additional evidence did not bar legal arguments on undisputed material already forming part of the record.

Conclusion: The Revenue's challenge to the limitation computation did not travel beyond the show-cause notice or refund-rejection order and was maintainable, in favour of the Revenue.

Issue (ii): Whether the appellate order could annul the refund-rejection order solely for breach of natural justice without deciding limitation by a reasoned finding.

Analysis: Sections 107(11) and 107(12) of the Central Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017 require the appellate authority to determine the points in controversy and record its decision and reasons. Non-consideration of the reply to the show-cause notice vitiated the refund-rejection order; however, the appellate authority was required to decide limitation on the admitted facts rather than issue a bare annulment that left the substantive dispute unresolved. A remand was unnecessary because the limitation issue turned solely on statutory interpretation and undisputed dates.

Conclusion: The appellate order was deficient as a non-speaking annulment, but the refund-rejection order was vitiated by non-consideration of the reply; its annulment is sustained on substituted reasons without remand, ultimately in favour of the assessee.

Issue (iii): Whether the original refund application filed on 29.02.2024 was within the limitation prescribed by Section 54(1) of the Central Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017 read with Notification No. 13/2022-Central Tax dated 05.07.2022.

Analysis: Under Section 54(1), read with Explanation 2(h), the relevant date was the date of payment of tax, namely 19.05.2020. Notification No. 13/2022-Central Tax excluded the entire period from 01.03.2020 to 28.02.2022 from computation of limitation. Since the relevant date fell within that excluded period, no part of the two-year period ran during it. Applying the statutory rule that the first day is excluded, the full two-year period became available from 01.03.2022 and expired on 29.02.2024.

Conclusion: The original refund application filed on 29.02.2024 was filed on the last day of the extended limitation period and was within time, in favour of the assessee.

Issue (iv): Whether deficiency-memo-driven refilings altered the limitation position of the original refund application.

Analysis: Rule 90(3) of the Central Goods and Services Tax Rules, 2017 provides the machinery for rectification after communication of deficiencies and excludes the specified intervening period. A bona fide rectified application filed following a deficiency memo is a continuation of a timely original application and relates back to that filing; this principle cannot cure an original application that was itself time-barred.

Conclusion: As the original application was timely, the subsequent rectified applications related back to it and the deficiency memos had no independent adverse effect on limitation, in favour of the assessee.

Issue (v): Whether GST paid on a taxable advance that was partly unmatched by subsequent supply was a deposit outside Section 54 of the Central Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017.

Analysis: GST was validly discharged on receipt of a taxable advance and became refundable only because supply did not subsequently materialise to the corresponding extent. This was not an amount paid on a transaction wholly outside the levy or a voluntary payment unconnected with tax liability. Section 54 itself governs claims for tax and other amounts paid, and does not permit avoidance of its limitation by re-characterising a statutory tax payment as a deposit.

Conclusion: The amount was not a deposit outside Section 54 and remained subject to the statutory refund framework, against the assessee.

Issue (vi): Whether the two-year period under Section 54(1) of the Central Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017 is a procedural requirement capable of relaxation.

Analysis: The two-year period prescribed for a refund claim under the fiscal statute is a substantive condition of eligibility, not a minor procedural formality. A circular addressing procedural lapses cannot override the statutory limitation or confer a power to condone delay not granted by the statute.

Conclusion: The limitation under Section 54(1) is a substantive statutory condition incapable of relaxation through procedural circulars, against the assessee.

Final Conclusion: The limitation-based rejection cannot stand because the original refund application was timely; the annulment of that rejection is sustained while the refund claim remains governed by the statutory requirements of Section 54.

Ratio Decidendi: Where the relevant date for a GST refund falls within a period excluded by a valid limitation notification, the prescribed refund period begins to run only after that exclusion ends.

Issues: Whether Indian currency concealed in a motorcycle was liable to confiscation under Section 113(b) of the Customs Act, 1962, and whether the consequential confiscation of the motorcycle and penalty could be sustained.

Analysis: Section 113(b) requires material establishing that the goods were brought to a place for the purpose of export contrary to law. The seizure report showed recovery of currency within a town area but contained no evidence of a border-crossing attempt, proximity to a crossing point, intended recipient, delivery arrangement, or other act demonstrating attempted export. Concealment of the currency and the appellant's departure from the spot could give rise to suspicion or invite inquiry under another statute, but did not establish attempted smuggling for purposes of the Customs Act. The Revenue did not produce evidence linking the currency to an intended illegal export.

Conclusion: The Indian currency was not liable to confiscation under Section 113(b) of the Customs Act, 1962; consequently, the confiscation of the motorcycle and imposition of penalty could not be sustained.