Issues: Whether a duplicate amount deposited as mandatory appellate pre-deposit is refundable with interest, and whether the refund procedure under Section 11B of the Central Excise Act, 1944 applies to such deposit.

Analysis: Section 11B concerns refund claims for excise duty and interest paid on that duty. A statutory pre-deposit made for exercising the right of appeal under Section 35F is not payment of duty. Therefore, retention of the duplicate pre-deposit could not be justified by requiring recourse to the procedure under Section 11B. The admitted duplicate credit and the absence of a bona fide basis for withholding it warranted refund with interest and costs.

Conclusion: The duplicate pre-deposit of Rs.1,24,175/- is refundable to the petitioner with interest at 12% per annum from the date of the second receipt until payment, along with litigation costs of Rs.25,000/-.

Issues: Whether the applicant was entitled to bail pending trial for alleged offences under Section 132 of the Central Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017.

Analysis: Pre-conviction detention is not punitive, and the presumption of innocence, personal liberty, and the right to a speedy trial require assessment of whether custody is necessary to secure attendance at trial. The alleged offences carry a maximum sentence of five years and are triable by a Magistrate. Investigation was complete, the complaint had been filed, and the evidence was documentary. The applicant had remained in custody since 17.04.2026, had no criminal antecedents, and no material established a risk of absconding, witness intimidation, evidence tampering, repetition of offences, or subversion of justice. No exceptional circumstance justified continued detention when the trial was unlikely to conclude within a reasonable period.

Conclusion: The applicant made out a case for bail and was ordered to be released on bail subject to conditions.

Issues: Whether an appeal arising from an adjudication order passed by a proper officer under the Central Goods and Services Tax regime can be decided by the State Appellate Authority under the West Bengal Goods and Services Tax regime.

Analysis: The GST appellate framework requires an appeal against an adjudication order passed by Central authorities to be heard by the competent appellate authority under the Central Goods and Services Tax regime. Jurisdiction cannot be exercised by the State Appellate Authority merely because the appeal is placed before it; such exercise is inconsistent with jurisdictional propriety and the settled principle of consistency.

Conclusion: The State Appellate Authority lacked jurisdiction to decide the appeal arising from the Central adjudication order; its order was quashed and the appeal was remitted to the competent Central Appellate Authority for fresh decision in accordance with law.

Issues: Whether expiry of an e-way bill, without independent evidence of an intention to evade tax, is sufficient to sustain penalty under Section 129.

Analysis: Section 129 requires compliance with documentation requirements governing movement of goods, but an expired e-way bill constitutes a procedural or documentary lapse that must be assessed against the surrounding facts and evidence. The goods were accompanied by tax documents, were intercepted near the declared destination after long-distance transport, and no discrepancy in their identity or underlying transaction was established. No material showed diversion of goods, a fictitious transaction, suppression of tax liability, or any other deliberate attempt at tax evasion. The Department relied substantially on expiry of the e-way bill and did not establish the factual basis necessary to sustain the penalty.

Conclusion: Mere expiry of an e-way bill, absent independent evidence of intention to evade tax, does not sustain penalty under Section 129. The issue is decided in favour of the assessee.

Issues: Whether rejection of the application seeking condonation of a 25-day delay in filing the return under Section 119(2)(b) was valid merely because assessment had been completed and an appeal against the assessment was pending.

Analysis: The appellate authority lacked power to condone delay in filing the return; the statutory remedy under Section 119(2)(b) was therefore available notwithstanding completion of assessment and pendency of the appeal. The short delay arose during the COVID-19 period and stood on the same footing as the substantially similar delay previously accepted. The genuine-hardship standard under Section 119(2)(b) required a liberal approach to the explanation for delay.

Conclusion: The rejection of the condonation application was unsustainable; the deduction claim is required to be considered on merits in accordance with law.

Issues: Whether revisional jurisdiction under Section 263 of the Income-tax Act, 1961 could be invoked solely because the Assessing Officer did not initiate penalty proceedings under Section 270A of the Income-tax Act, 1961 in the assessment order.

Analysis: Penalty proceedings are separate and independent from assessment proceedings. The omission to initiate penalty proceedings or to record satisfaction regarding penalty in an assessment order does not render the assessment order erroneous or prejudicial to the interests of the Revenue. Revisional jurisdiction cannot be used to direct the Assessing Officer to initiate penalty proceedings.

Conclusion: The revisionary order founded solely on non-initiation of penalty proceedings was invalid.

Issues: Whether the National Faceless Appeal Centre had jurisdiction to decide appeals against penalty orders arising from search assessments.

Analysis: Section 250(6B) of the Income-tax Act, 1961 enabled the faceless appellate framework. The Faceless Appeal Scheme, 2021, read with the CBDT Circular dated 06.10.2022 and the CBDT Notification dated 13.10.2022, excluded appeals against penalty orders in cases where the assessment was completed pursuant to a search under sections 132 or 132A from the National Faceless Appeal Centre's jurisdiction and assigned them to the jurisdictional Commissioner of Income Tax (Appeals). The penalty appeals arose from assessments completed following a search and fell within that exclusion.

Conclusion: The National Faceless Appeal Centre lacked jurisdiction to decide the penalty appeals; its orders were set aside for de novo adjudication by the jurisdictional Commissioner of Income Tax (Appeals).

Issues: Whether a motor car, recorded as a fixed asset but admittedly used for personal purposes, constituted a capital asset capable of generating an allowable long-term capital loss on sale.

Analysis: Section 2(14) of the Income-tax Act, 1961 excludes movable property held for personal use from the definition of a capital asset, apart from specified exceptions not including a motor car. The character of the asset depends on its actual use rather than its accounting classification. The absence of depreciation, the assessee's self-disallowance of all car-related expenditure as personal, and the absence of business use established that the car was held for personal use. Its reflection as a fixed asset in the balance sheet did not alter that character.

Conclusion: The motor car was a personal effect excluded from the definition of a capital asset; consequently, its sale could not give rise to an allowable long-term capital loss.

Issues: (i) Whether a pending appeal against an order under section 201 barred reassessment disallowance under the third proviso to section 147; (ii) Whether reopening after examination of foreign remittances in the original assessment constituted a Change of Opinion; (iii) Whether alleged arithmetical errors causing Double Disallowance required admission and verification; (iv) Whether the claimed Carry-Forward of Losses required verification.

Issue (i): Whether a pending appeal against an order under section 201 barred reassessment disallowance under the third proviso to section 147.

Analysis: Proceedings under section 201 concern recovery of tax not deducted and treatment of the payer as an assessee in default within the tax-collection framework. A disallowance under section 40(a)(i), however, concerns computation of the assessee's total income. The two proceedings therefore concern distinct subject matters.

Conclusion: The third proviso to section 147 did not bar the reassessment disallowance; this issue was decided against the assessee.

Issue (ii): Whether reopening after examination of foreign remittances in the original assessment constituted a Change of Opinion.

Analysis: The original assessment record showed specific requisitions for details of foreign remittances, services received, and tax deducted at source, followed by transaction-wise replies and supporting Forms 15CA and 15CB. No disallowance was made after those details were examined. The recorded reasons for reopening relied on the same information subsequently received from the International Taxation Officer, without identifying any new fact or any inaccurate or incomplete disclosure. Reassessment on that basis amounted to an impermissible review of the earlier assessment.

Conclusion: The reopening was founded solely on a Change of Opinion and was invalid; the reassessment order was quashed in favour of the assessee.

Issue (iii): Whether alleged arithmetical errors causing Double Disallowance required admission and verification.

Analysis: The additional grounds identified possible computational errors, including amounts on which tax had been deducted and expense reversals that were allegedly included in the disallowance. The Act does not permit the same expenditure to be disallowed twice, and the claims required verification from the assessee's records.

Conclusion: The additional grounds were admitted, and verification and correction of any established error were directed in favour of the assessee.

Issue (iv): Whether the claimed Carry-Forward of Losses required verification.

Analysis: The discrepancy between the loss claimed as available for carry-forward and the amount reflected in the reassessment computation could be resolved only by verification of the records.

Conclusion: The claim for carry-forward of loss was allowed to the limited extent of verification and determination by the Assessing Officer, in favour of the assessee.

Final Conclusion: The reassessment and the consequential disallowance could not survive because the issue had already been examined in the original assessment; the identified computational claims are to be verified in accordance with the directions.

Ratio Decidendi: Reassessment cannot be used to review an issue already examined in the original assessment on the same disclosed material, in the absence of new tangible material establishing escapement of income.

Issues: (i) Whether the Wi-Fi, cellular communication and navigation/positioning (GNSS) modules are classifiable under Customs Tariff Item 8517 79 90 of the First Schedule to the Customs Tariff Act, 1975; (ii) Whether the modules are eligible for nil basic customs duty under Serial No. 5 of Notification No. 57/2017-Customs dated 30.06.2017.

Issue (i): Whether the Wi-Fi, cellular communication and navigation/positioning (GNSS) modules are classifiable under Customs Tariff Item 8517 79 90 of the First Schedule to the Customs Tariff Act, 1975.

Analysis: Heading 8517 covers apparatus for transmission or reception of voice, images or other data and their parts. The host Wi-Fi, cellular-modem and GNSS-enabled apparatus are communication apparatus of Heading 8517. In their imported condition, the modules cannot communicate or provide positioning independently; they require integration with a PCB, power source, antenna and, for cellular modules, SIM/eSIM and host controls.

Analysis: Applying the test of separate identifiable function and independent operation, the modules are essential components rather than complete apparatus. They are suitable solely or principally for apparatus of Heading 8517 and consequently fall under Heading 8517 by Note 2(b) to Section XVI. As they are neither aerials nor populated printed circuit boards, they fall under the residual parts entry, Customs Tariff Item 8517 79 90. The specific parts description under Heading 8517 prevails over the general electronic integrated circuits description under Heading 8542.

Conclusion: The Wi-Fi, cellular communication and GNSS modules are classifiable as parts under Customs Tariff Item 8517 79 90 of the First Schedule to the Customs Tariff Act, 1975.

Issue (ii): Whether the modules are eligible for nil basic customs duty under Serial No. 5 of Notification No. 57/2017-Customs dated 30.06.2017.

Analysis: Serial No. 5 grants a nil rate to goods under Customs Tariff Item 8517 79 90, while excluding parts of cellular mobile phones and wrist wearable devices, and inputs or sub-parts for manufacturing such excluded parts. The modules are standardised embedded modules for industrial, commercial and infrastructure equipment and do not fall within those exclusions.

Conclusion: The modules are eligible for the nil rate of basic customs duty under Serial No. 5 of Notification No. 57/2017-Customs dated 30.06.2017.

Final Conclusion: The proposed modules receive classification as parts of communication apparatus and the corresponding customs-duty exemption treatment.

Ratio Decidendi: Embedded modules lacking a distinct function and independent operability, and designed solely or principally for apparatus of Heading 8517, are classifiable as parts under that heading rather than as complete apparatus or general electronic integrated circuits.

Issues: (i) Whether writ jurisdiction could be exercised despite an available statutory appeal; (ii) Whether the original adjudicating authority was bound by the unstayed appellate order for an earlier period; (iii) Whether the recipient entity was a "governmental authority" eligible for construction-service exemption under Clause 12A(a); and (iv) Whether construction of the scientific storage godowns qualified as post-harvest storage infrastructure under Clause 14(d).

Issue (i): Whether writ jurisdiction could be exercised despite an available statutory appeal.

Analysis: Article 226 confers plenary writ jurisdiction, while availability of an efficacious alternative remedy is a self-imposed restraint and does not oust that jurisdiction. The controversy involved undisputed facts and legal questions, and the prolonged pendency made relegation to the statutory remedy inappropriate.

Conclusion: In favour of the assessee: the writ petition was maintainable notwithstanding the available appellate remedy.

Issue (ii): Whether the original adjudicating authority was bound by the unstayed appellate order for an earlier period.

Analysis: The prior appellate order granting relief for the earlier period remained operative, the departmental challenge to it was pending, and no interim stay had been obtained. Judicial discipline requires a subordinate quasi-judicial revenue authority to follow the decision of its appellate authority.

Conclusion: In favour of the assessee: the original adjudicating authority was bound by the unstayed appellate order and could not adopt a contrary view.

Issue (iii): Whether the recipient entity was a "governmental authority" eligible for construction-service exemption under Clause 12A(a).

Analysis: Clause 2(s) requires government establishment, at least 90% governmental equity or control, and performance of a function entrusted to municipalities under Article 243W. The entity was established by the State, had more than 99% governmental equity, and undertook procurement, storage and subsidised distribution of foodgrains through the public distribution system, advancing poverty alleviation and social and economic development functions reflected in the Twelfth Schedule.

Conclusion: In favour of the assessee: the recipient entity qualified as a governmental authority and was entitled to exemption under Clause 12A(a).

Issue (iv): Whether construction of the scientific storage godowns qualified as post-harvest storage infrastructure under Clause 14(d).

Analysis: Clause 14(d) exempts original works pertaining to post-harvest storage infrastructure for agricultural produce. The godowns were designed and immediately used for storage of paddy and rice procured from farmers; speculative future or auxiliary use for other commodities could not displace their primary post-harvest storage character.

Conclusion: In favour of the assessee: construction of the scientific storage godowns qualified for exemption under Clause 14(d).

Final Conclusion: The service-tax demand and consequential impositions founded on denial of the claimed exemptions lacked legal basis.

Ratio Decidendi: A subordinate revenue authority must follow an unstayed appellate order of its superior authority and cannot reject it merely because a further departmental appeal is pending.

Issues: Whether VAT may be imposed on stock found short during a survey where the allegedly short goods were subsequently sold and tax was paid on those sales.

Analysis: Tax under Section 3 is attracted upon a sale. The department did not dispute receipt of tax on the subsequent sales of the goods treated as short during the survey. Levying tax on the stock shortage without accounting for those subsequent taxable sales would result in double taxation and affects the jurisdiction to make the default assessment.

Conclusion: The default assessment was unsustainable without fresh consideration of the effect of subsequent sales and tax payments relating to the goods found short.

Issues: (i) Whether the Board's decision declining to concur with the Director (Discipline)'s prima facie opinion and closing the disciplinary complaint warranted interference under Article 226 of the Constitution of India; (ii) Whether the absence of a fiduciary or professional relationship was material to the Director (Discipline)'s prima facie opinion of other misconduct; and (iii) Whether pending criminal proceedings ousted the Board's disciplinary jurisdiction.

Issue (i): Whether the Board's decision declining to concur with the Director (Discipline)'s prima facie opinion and closing the disciplinary complaint warranted interference under Article 226 of the Constitution of India.

Analysis: Judicial review under Article 226 is confined to examining the legality of the decision-making process and does not permit the Court to sit in appeal or substitute its assessment for that of the statutory disciplinary authority. The Board considered the circumstances in which access to the laptop and income-tax account was provided, found no material establishing mala fide intent or deliberate facilitation, and reached its conclusion upon appreciation of the record. Its view was plausible and was not shown to suffer from illegality warranting writ interference.

Conclusion: No interference with the Board's decision was warranted; the issue was decided against the petitioner.

Issue (ii): Whether the absence of a fiduciary or professional relationship was material to the Director (Discipline)'s prima facie opinion of other misconduct.

Analysis: Although absence of a fiduciary relationship does not by itself exclude the application of Item (2) of Part IV of the First Schedule, the Director (Discipline) had formed the prima facie opinion on the premise that the concerned chartered accountant was the petitioner's tax consultant. Both parties denied that any such professional relationship existed. The absence of that foundational fact was therefore material in assessing the correctness of the prima facie opinion.

Conclusion: The absence of a fiduciary or professional relationship validly supported the Board's disagreement with the prima facie opinion; the issue was decided against the petitioner.

Issue (iii): Whether pending criminal proceedings ousted the Board's disciplinary jurisdiction.

Analysis: The pendency of criminal proceedings did not bar the Board from independently exercising its disciplinary jurisdiction. The Board's decision was founded on its assessment that cogent evidence of misconduct was lacking, rather than solely on the existence of criminal proceedings.

Conclusion: Pending criminal proceedings did not oust the Board's disciplinary jurisdiction; the issue was decided against the petitioner.

Final Conclusion: A reasoned and plausible disciplinary determination founded on the material available is not open to substitution by writ review merely because another view is possible.

Ratio Decidendi: In Article 226 review, a court cannot reappreciate evidence or substitute its view for that of a statutory authority where the authority's conclusion is plausible and based on the material on record.

Issues: (i) Whether production before the Magistrate complied with the twenty-four-hour requirement under Article 22(2) of the Constitution of India and Section 58 of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023; (ii) Whether the seven-working-day prior-notice undertaking before arrest was complied with; and (iii) Whether the mandatory pre-arrest communication of the Section 69(1) order and reasons to believe was complied with.

Issue (i): Whether production before the Magistrate complied with the twenty-four-hour requirement under Article 22(2) of the Constitution of India and Section 58 of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023.

Analysis: The Twenty-Four-Hour Production Rule is triggered by a de facto arrest, determined from actual deprivation of personal liberty and assumption of custody rather than the arrest memo alone. Custody does not invariably constitute arrest. The search, inquiry, and recording of a statement under Section 70 did not establish coercive restraint before 11:30 P.M.; there was no material showing that movement, communication, or departure was prevented. The contemporaneous bail application also identified 11:30 P.M. as the time of arrest. Production at about 11:00 A.M. on the following day was therefore within twenty-four hours.

Conclusion: There was no violation of the twenty-four-hour constitutional or statutory requirement; this issue was decided against the assessee.

Issue (ii): Whether the seven-working-day prior-notice undertaking before arrest was complied with.

Analysis: The judicial undertaking unconditionally assured seven working days' prior notice if arrest became necessary. A summons under Section 70, issued to secure attendance, evidence, or documents during an inquiry, is distinct from an arrest notice under Section 69. The summonses neither communicated that arrest had been decided upon nor operated as the specific pre-arrest notice promised in the undertaking. The undertaking could not be qualified by importing an unrecorded condition of cooperation.

Conclusion: The seven-working-day prior-notice undertaking was not complied with; this issue was decided in favour of the assessee.

Issue (iii): Whether the mandatory pre-arrest communication of the Section 69(1) order and reasons to believe was complied with.

Analysis: Section 69(1), consistent with fairness and natural justice, requires a Commissioner's order authorising arrest to record reasons to believe founded on relevant material and to be communicated before arrest. Such pre-arrest communication enables recourse to anticipatory bail and judicial review. An arrest memo merely reciting that reasons to believe existed cannot substitute for the Commissioner's order. No order containing the requisite reasons or underlying material was produced or shown to have been communicated before the arrest.

Conclusion: The mandatory pre-arrest communication requirement under Section 69(1) was not complied with; the arrest was vitiated ab initio and this issue was decided in favour of the assessee.

Final Conclusion: The arrest, being contrary to the prior-notice undertaking and the mandatory pre-arrest communication safeguard, could not be legitimised by subsequent remand orders; release was required unless custody was independently warranted by law.

Ratio Decidendi: An arrest authorised under Section 69(1) requires prior communication of the Commissioner's order containing reasons to believe; an arrest memo cannot replace that mandatory safeguard.

Issues: Whether an adverse assessment order under Section 73 could be sustained without affording a personal hearing as required by Section 75(4), notwithstanding that the assessee had selected 'No' for personal hearing while seeking an adjournment.

Analysis: Section 75(4) of the Uttarakhand Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017 mandates an opportunity of hearing before an adverse order is made. No date for personal hearing was fixed. The selection of 'No' in the online adjournment request did not dispense with the statutory obligation to offer a hearing before passing an adverse order.

Conclusion: The adverse order passed without affording a personal hearing was invalid; the issue was decided in favour of the assessee.

Issues: Whether writ jurisdiction should be exercised against an intimation suspending and proposing cancellation of GST registration when the registered person had not filed pending returns, replied to the notice, or pursued the remedies available before the Proper Officer.

Analysis: The intimation required filing of returns under Section 39 or submission of a reply within thirty days, and stated that suspension would be lifted upon filing the returns. Rule 21A(4) provides for revocation of suspension upon completion of proceedings under Rule 22. Under Rule 22(4), proceedings must be dropped where the reply is satisfactory; in applicable cases, filing all pending returns and payment of tax dues, interest and late fee also requires the Proper Officer to drop the proceedings. The available course before the Proper Officer had not been pursued.

Conclusion: The challenge was declined for non-exhaustion of the available statutory recourse, leaving the petitioner to approach the Proper Officer under the impugned intimation.

Issues: Whether a penalty under Section 129 could be imposed where goods were transported with a tax invoice, e-way bill and lorry receipt, but the mandatory e-invoice with IRN/QR code had not been generated before commencement of movement.

Analysis: Rule 48(4) mandates e-invoicing for notified registered persons, while Section 129 governs detention and penalty for goods in transit. The record established an initial breach because the e-invoice was generated after interception. However, the consignment was accompanied by a tax invoice, e-way bill and lorry receipt identifying the supplier, recipient, goods, value and tax liability. No discrepancy in the goods, quantity, value, consignor, consignee or e-way bill was established. The subsequently generated e-invoice corresponded to the same transaction, and there was no material showing concealment, falsification, undervaluation or an intention to evade tax. A procedural e-invoicing lapse, without evidence of tax evasion or substantive defect in the transaction, did not justify the penal consequence under Section 129.

Conclusion: The Section 129 penalty was unsustainable in the absence of material establishing an intention to evade tax.

Issues: (i) Whether the Rs. 11 lakh cheque credit received during negotiations for transfer of property could be assessed as unexplained money under section 69A; and (ii) Whether Rs. 3.83 crore was proved to have been received in cash during the previous year relevant to the assessment year 2020-21 and was assessable under section 69A.

Issue (i): Whether the Rs. 11 lakh cheque credit received during negotiations for transfer of property could be assessed as unexplained money under section 69A.

Analysis: Section 69A requires that the assessee be found to be owner of money whose nature and source remain unexplained. The banking inquiry identified the payer and cheque, and the proposed purchaser and her spouse confirmed that the amount was paid by cheque as an advance during negotiations. The payer, banking source and nature of the credit were therefore established. Any later treatment of an advance retained in connection with transfer of a capital asset falls for consideration under section 51 in the relevant year and does not render the original cheque credit unexplained.

Conclusion: The Rs. 11 lakh credit could not be assessed as unexplained money under section 69A; the addition was deleted in favour of the assessee.

Issue (ii): Whether Rs. 3.83 crore was proved to have been received in cash during the previous year relevant to the assessment year 2020-21 and was assessable under section 69A.

Analysis: The purported agreement was not reliably shown to be mutually executed and contained payment particulars inconsistent with the established banking record. The broker's accounts of total consideration and cash payment were inconsistent, and no particulars traced any cash delivery, dates of payment, intermediary, or receipt by the assessee. The electronic message relied upon for Rs. 3.83 crore was sent after the relevant previous year; its acknowledged authorship did not prove actual payment in that year. The remaining communication was explained as an estimate, and the proposed purchasers denied making cash payment. The subsequent registered sale to another purchaser supported the inference that the earlier proposed transaction had not culminated in a conveyance, though it was not treated as conclusive by itself.

Conclusion: Receipt or ownership of Rs. 3.83 crore in cash during the relevant previous year was not established for section 69A purposes; the addition was deleted in favour of the assessee.

Final Conclusion: The identified cheque advance had an established source and character, while the alleged cash consideration lacked reliable evidence of actual receipt in the relevant previous year; neither amount was taxable as unexplained money.

Ratio Decidendi: An addition for unexplained money requires reliable evidence that the precise sum was received or owned by the assessee in the relevant previous year and that its source and nature remain unexplained; inconsistent statements and uncorroborated electronic material do not, without proof of actual payment, satisfy that requirement.

Issues: Whether an applicant could be treated as not being a fit and proper person for enrolment as an insolvency professional solely because disciplinary proceedings were pending, when the appellate authority had stayed the punishment removing the applicant's name from the register of members.

Analysis: Clause 4(1)(g) of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India (Insolvency Professionals) Regulations, 2016 requires an applicant to be a fit and proper person. Although professional misconduct had been found and removal from the register had been ordered, the appellate authority had kept that punishment in abeyance pending appeal. The applicant's name therefore remained on the register and the applicant continued to be permitted to perform professional duties. The distinction that the stay of punishment did not stay the disciplinary proceedings did not justify treating the applicant as unfit.

Conclusion: The rejection of enrolment on the ground of pending disciplinary proceedings was unsustainable. The rejection letter was set aside and the authorities were required to make a fresh determination without being influenced by the pendency of the appeal.