Income-tax rates and surcharge structure updated, applying tiered surcharges and health and education cess to specified taxpayers. Income-tax for the assessment year beginning 1 April 2023 is charged at rates in the First Schedule and increased by prescribed surcharges and a Health and Education Cess. Net agricultural income above a de minimis amount is aggregated for limited tax computation where total income exceeds the basic exemption threshold, with higher exemption thresholds for senior residents. A tiered surcharge regime applies across taxpayer categories, withholding and collection at source, and advance tax, subject to specified caps and provisos; defined terms are provided and other terms are ascribed from the Income-tax Act.