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    Determination of tax liability which no tax is payable under the provisions of the Act : Clause 190 ...
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    Determination of tax where exempt income is included: deduction at the average tax rate neutralises tax on non chargeable income.
    Clause 190 provides that where total income includes income on which no income-tax is payable, the assessee is entitled to a deduction from the tax chargeable equal to the tax computed at the average rate of income-tax on that non-taxable amount; the average rate is derived by dividing total tax by total income and applying that rate to the exempt portion to neutralise any tax attributable to non-chargeable income.
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    General Anti Avoidance Rule expansion: new accommodating party concept widens GAAR reach and tightens tax planning scrutiny.
    Clause 184 of the Income Tax Bill, 2025 largely carries forward Section 102's wide definitions for GAAR-covering arrangement, asset, benefit, connected person, fund, party, step, and tax benefit-while introducing an accommodating party concept to capture third party facilitators, updating cross references and terminology (e.g., "tax year"), and explicitly including permanent establishments and treaty arrangements to strengthen anti avoidance coverage.
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    General Anti-Avoidance Rule expanded to permit concurrent or substitutive application, increasing substance-over-form scrutiny.
    Clause 183 expands the statutory reach of the General Anti-Avoidance Rule (GAAR) by expressly permitting GAAR to apply "in addition to, or in lieu of" any other basis for determination of tax liability, while maintaining application "as per such guidelines and subject to such conditions, as prescribed." The clause enables authorities to apply a substance-over-form approach, allowing concurrent or exclusive use of GAAR alongside specific anti-avoidance or substantive provisions, and thereby alters the relationship between GAAR and SAARs previously left ambiguous under Section 101.
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    General Anti Avoidance Rule: clause makes GAAR an overriding tool but conditions its use on prescribed procedural guidelines.
    Clause 183 preserves GAAR's authority to apply "in addition to, or in lieu of" other bases for tax determination, enabling recharacterisation of arrangements based on substantive economic realities. It uniquely conditions GAAR's exercise on "guidelines and...conditions, as prescribed," thereby mandating subordinate guidance to define thresholds, approval processes, taxpayer rights, documentation and timelines, with the intent of reducing arbitrariness and enhancing predictability compared with the earlier framework.
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    General Anti-Avoidance Rule: Treat connected and accommodating parties as one, enabling look-through of corporate structures.
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    General Anti Avoidance Rule: broad authority to recharacterise and deny tax benefits where arrangements lack commercial substance.
    Clause 181 empowers tax authorities to neutralise tax benefits from arrangements lacking commercial substance by denying benefits (including treaty benefits) and imposing a range of consequences: disregarding or recharacterising steps or whole arrangements; treating arrangements as not entered into; treating accommodating or connected parties as one; reallocating tax attributes; recharacterising residence or situs; and looking through corporate structures. Clause 181(3) authorises reclassification of equity/debt and capital/revenue character. Rule 10UA limits consequences to the impermissible part of an arrangement, providing proportionality.
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    Commercial substance test: disregard arrangements whose economic effect differs from form, focusing on round-trips and artificial parties.
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    GAAR main purpose test targets arrangements primarily motivated by tax benefit, with procedural safeguards for invocation.
    Clause 179 defines an impermissible avoidance arrangement under GAAR as one whose main purpose is obtaining a tax benefit and which meets at least one of four tainting conditions: arm's length departure, misuse or abuse of law, lack of commercial substance, or non bona fide means; it creates a rebuttable presumption placing the burden on the taxpayer for impugned steps and is operationalized through Rule 10UB's pre reference notice, Commissioner review, and Approving Panel safeguards.
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    General Anti-Avoidance Rule: empowers authorities to disregard abusive arrangements and recharacterise tax consequences subject to safeguards.
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    Interest deduction limitation restricts deductible interest to a fixed EBITDA ratio with carryforward relief and specified carve-outs.
    Limitation on deductible interest in cross border related party financing restricts interest deductions where interest paid or payable by Indian entities to non resident associated enterprises is treated as excess interest, capped by a fixed ratio of the borrower's EBITDA and by interest payable to associated enterprises; disallowed amounts are carry forwardable subject to the same ratio, a deeming rule treats economically supported third party loans as associated enterprise debt, and specified carve outs apply to regulated financial entities and bona fide IFSC Finance Companies under operational rules.
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    Transactions with non-cooperative jurisdictions: treated as international transactions, triggering transfer pricing scrutiny and denial of deductions.
    Clause 176 creates a regime for transactions with persons in notified jurisdictional areas: government notification power; deeming parties as associated enterprises and transactions as international transactions for transfer pricing; disallowance of deductions absent prescribed authorisation and documentation; deeming unexplained receipts as assessable income; and mandatory higher withholding on payments to NJA persons, with broad definitions and anticipated procedural rules similar to Rule 21AC.
    Act RulesBills
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    Anti-avoidance in securities transactions deems income to the economic owner to prevent dividend and bonus stripping abuse.
    Clause 175 establishes a deeming regime that treats dividends and interest received by an interposed holder as the income of the original economic owner where securities are transferred and subsequently reacquired, limits taxpayer liability where similar securities are acquired, apportions income for partial-year beneficial interest holders, provides exceptions if the taxpayer proves absence of avoidance, disallows losses from dividend and bonus stripping within prescribed acquisition and disposal windows, and treats disallowed bonus-related losses as cost adjustments for retained units.
    Act RulesBills
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    Deeming of income transferred to non-residents prevents tax avoidance by treating economic beneficiaries as taxable residents.
    Clause 174 applies where a transfer of assets, before or after commencement, results in income payable to a non-resident, and where the transfer alone or with associated operations confers on any person rights that give the power to enjoy that income. Such income is deemed to be that person's income for all purposes; related capital sums are treated to prevent disguise as non-taxable receipts. Exceptions exist for bona fide commercial transactions, with the taxpayer bearing the burden to satisfy the assessing authority.
    Act RulesBills
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    Arm's length price principle reaffirmed and clarified in revised transfer pricing definitions, with expanded enterprise and transaction scope.
    Clause 173 of the Income Tax Bill, 2025 restates and refines transfer pricing definitions: arm's length price as the benchmark between independent parties in uncontrolled conditions; an expansive definition of "enterprise" covering goods, IP, services, contracts, investments and securities (directly or via units/subsidiaries); "permanent establishment" as a fixed place of business; and "transaction" to include informal or non enforceable arrangements. The clause updates the "specified date" cross reference to the Bill's return filing provision and adopts more itemised drafting while maintaining substantive continuity with Section 92F.
    Act RulesBills
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    Accountant's report requirement: certified transfer pricing reporting mandated for international and specified domestic transactions, with prescribed form and timing.
    Clause 172 requires every person entering into an international or specified domestic transaction in a tax year to obtain and furnish, by the specified date, a report from an accountant in the prescribed form, signed and verified as prescribed, setting forth such particulars as may be prescribed; the clause makes the obligation statutory, preserves applicability across taxpayer categories, and defers procedural form, verification and timing details to subordinate legislation while maintaining continuity with the existing reporting mechanics.
    Act RulesBills
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    Transfer pricing documentation: contemporaneous records required and rapid furnishing on demand to enhance transparency and enforcement.
    Clause 171 mandates maintenance and furnishing of prescribed transfer pricing documentation by persons entering into international or specified domestic transactions and by constituent entities of international groups, while delegating the specific content, retention periods, thresholds and filing procedures to rules. It enshrines a ten day furnishing requirement with possible extension, cross references definitions to the Bill's reporting provisions, and anticipates master file, local file and country by country reporting formats, thereby consolidating and modernising existing documentary obligations.
    Act RulesBills
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    Secondary adjustment: statutory deemed advance and repatriation rule with alternative option to pay additional tax in lieu of interest.
    Clause 170 mandates secondary adjustment where a primary transfer pricing adjustment of a prescribed monetary threshold increases income or reduces loss and excess money is not repatriated within the prescribed time; unrepatriated excess is deemed an advance to any non-resident associated enterprise and attracts notional interest computed as prescribed, with an alternative statutory option to pay an additional income-tax that is final and bars further credit or deduction.
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    Advance Pricing Agreement application: modified returns must align tax assessments with agreed transfer pricing terms and timelines.
    The statutory mechanism requires taxpayers to furnish a modified return limited to APA-impacted items within a prescribed post-agreement period, treats that filing as a return for assessment purposes, and directs assessing officers to modify completed assessments or complete pending proceedings in accordance with the APA; designated limitation and deeming provisions clarify timelines and the status of proceedings to ensure retrospective yet circumscribed implementation of the APA.
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    Advance pricing agreements secure pre determination of arm's length pricing to enhance transfer pricing certainty and reduce disputes.
    Clause 168 preserves the APA framework by empowering the Board, with Central Government approval, to determine the arm's length price or manner of attributing income to India for international transactions; to specify statutory and rule based methods (with adjustments); to make APAs prevail over general transfer pricing provisions; to bind both taxpayers and tax authorities for covered transactions; to permit rollback for prior years; and to declare APAs void ab initio for fraud or misrepresentation, with corresponding limitation period consequences and scheme making authority for procedural rules.
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    Safe harbour rules mandate acceptance of declared transfer prices and deemed income, delivering taxpayer certainty while limiting administrative discretion.
    Clause 167 empowers the Board to prescribe safe harbour rules under which income-tax authorities shall accept the transfer price or deemed income declared by the assessee for transactions falling within section 9(2) and arm's length price provisions, creating a statutory presumption that reduces administrative discretion and dependency on detailed rule-making to specify eligibility, thresholds, documentation, and procedural requirements.

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      Filing of statement of donation by donee to cross-check claim of donation by donor

      1 February, 2020

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      Budget 2020-21 + FINANCE BILL, 2020

      Filing of statement of donation by donee to cross-check claim of donation by donor

      It may further be mentioned that certain provisions of the Act provide that an exempt entity may accept donations or certain sum for utilisation towards their objects or activities in respect of which the payer, being the donor, gets deduction in computation of his income. At present, there is no reporting obligation by the exempt entity receiving donation/ any sum in respect of such donation/ sum. With the advancement in technology, it is now feasible to standardise the process through which one-to-one matching between what is received by the exempt entity and what is claimed as deduction by the assessee.

      This standardisation may be similar to the provisions relating to the tax collection/ deduction at source, which already exist in the Act. Therefore, the entities receiving donation/ sum may be made to furnish a statement in respect thereof, and to issue a certificate to the donor/ payer and the claim for deduction to the donor/ payer may be allowed on that basis only. In order to ensure proper filing of the statement, levy of a fee and penalty may also be provided in cases where there is failure to furnish the statement.

      Hence, it is proposed to amend relevant provisions of the Act to provide that,-

      (i) similar to exemptions under clauses (1) and (23C), exemption under clause (46) of section 10 shall be allowed to an entity even if it is registered under section 12AA subject to the condition that the registration shall become inoperative. If the entity wishes to make it operative in the future, it will have to file an application and then it would not be entitled for deduction under clause (46) from the date on which the registration becomes operative.

      (ii) the registration under section 12AA would also become inoperative in case of an entity exempt under clause (23C) of section 10 as well, to have uniformity. The condition about making it operative again would also be similar to what is proposed for clause (46) of section 10.

      (iii) an entity approved, registered or notified under clause (23C) of section 10, section 12AA or section 35 of the Act, as the case may be, shall be required to apply for approval or registration or intimate regarding it being approved, as the case may be, and on doing so, the approval, registration or notification in respect of the entity shall be valid for a period not exceeding five previous years at one time calculated from 1st April, 2020.

      (iv) an entity already approved under section 80G shall also be required to apply for approval and on doing so, the approval, registration or notification in respect of the entity shall be valid for a period not exceeding five years at one time.

      (v) application for approval under section 80G shall be made to Principal Commissioner or Commissioner.

      (vi) an entity making fresh application for approval under clause (23C) of section 10, for registration under section 12AA, for approval under section 80G shall be provisionally approved or registered for three years on the basis of application without detailed enquiry even in the cases where activities of the entity are yet to begin and then it has to apply again for approval or registration which, if granted, shall be valid from the date of such provisional registration. The application of registration subsequent to provisional registration should be at least six months prior to expiry of provisional registration or within six months of start of activities, whichever is earlier.

      (vii) the application pending for approval, registration, as the case may be, shall be treated as application in accordance with the new provisions, wherever they are being provided for.

      (viii) deduction under section 80G/ 80GGA to a donor shall be allowed only if a statement is furnished by the donee who shall be required to furnish a statement in respect of donations received and in the event of failure to do so, fee and penalty shall be levied.

      (ix) similar to section 80G of the Act, deduction of cash donation under section 80GGA shall be restricted to ₹ 2,000/- only.

      These amendments will take effect from 1st June, 2020.

      [Clauses 7,9,11,12,17,33,34,61,94,96 & 99]

       

       


      Budget 2020-21 + FINANCE BILL, 2020

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      ActsIncome Tax