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of <h1>Amendment to Section 488 clarifies member liability of Hindu Undivided Families despite Karta's lack-of-knowledge or due-diligence defence</h1> Two versions of Section 488 treat a Hindu undivided family's offences by deeming the managerial head liable but allowing a defence of absence of knowledge or exercise of due diligence; both also render members liable where an offence is by their consent, connivance or attributable to their neglect. The Act amends subsection (3) to make member liability operate notwithstanding subsections (1) and (2), removing ambiguity present in the Bill that arguably limited member liability relative to the Karta's defence. The change clarifies and strengthens prosecutorial reach against members even if the Karta successfully proves lack of knowledge or due diligence.
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