<h1>Dispute over domestically developed ATP safety, ETCS Level II equivalence, and procurement L1 selection risking liability and standards compliance</h1> A foreign rail-systems provider's India arm stated that a domestically developed automatic train-protection (ATP) system remains unproven against global standards, while the national railway authority asserts the ATP meets high safety certification and is equivalent to ETCS Level II. The ATP has been installed on multiple sections but is not yet operational. The vendor cited past deployment of an alternative ATP and criticized procurements driven by lowest-price (L1) selection, noting cost pressures may deprioritise proven technology. Legal issues potentially arising include safety certification and liability, standards equivalence disputes, and procurement-law challenges over evaluation criteria and technical requirements.