As per instructions of Reserve Bank of India (RBI), banks are required to have a loan recover policy, which may cover, inter alia, negotiated settlements of NPAs. As per inputs received from Public Sector Banks (PSBs), all PSBs have One Time Settlement (OTS) schemes. These OTS schemes are in pursuance of Board-approved policies of banks, and are typically oriented towards sectors such as agriculture, Micro Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs), weaker sections and education loans, and typically have an upper limit on the amount of NPA.

Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 has been enacted for time-bound resolution of stressed assets. Further, the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 has been amended last year to provide for authorisation by the Government to RBI, for issuing directions to banks to initiate the insolvency resolution process under the Code. Under the provisions of this amending legislation, RBI has issued directions to certain banks for referring 12 accounts, with outstanding amounts greater than ₹ 5,000 crore and with 60% or more classified as non-performing as of 31.3.2016, to initiate insolvency process under the Code. In accordance with these directions banks have filed applications in respect of these accounts before the National Company Law Tribunal. Further keeping in view the enactment of the Code, RBI has recently issued a revised framework for resolution of stressed assets, which provides for time-bound resolution of high-value stressed accounts, requiring filing of insolvency application under the Code in case of non-implementation of Resolution Plan within180 days.

Recovery of loans was being effected under the provisions of the Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest (SARFAESI) Act and through Debts Recovery Tribunals SARFAESI Act was amended in 2016 to make it more effective. Further, six new Debts Recovery Tribunal have been established to expedite recovery.

In addition, under the Public Sector Banks (PSBs) Reforms Agenda announced by the Government in January 2018, PSBs have committed, inter-alia, to ensure for clean lending, strict segregation of roles for appraisal monitoring and recovery, online processing of loans, clean consortium lending arrangements, Stressed Asset Management verticals for stringent recovery, and clean post-sanction follow-up for loans above ₹ 250 crore.

This was stated by Shri Shiv Pratap Shukla, Minister of State for Finance in a written reply to a question in Lok Sabha today.

Insolvency resolution under the IBC requires banks to file when resolution plans fail, prompting time bound stressed asset action. One Time Settlement schemes are Board approved negotiated settlement mechanisms for NPAs in targeted sectors, operating within banks' loan recovery policies. The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code and amendments to the Banking Regulation Act empower time bound resolution of high value stressed assets, with RBI directions requiring insolvency filings where resolution plans are not implemented within the prescribed period. Recovery continues under the SARFAESI framework and Debts Recovery Tribunals, while PSB reforms mandate strengthened lending and recovery governance.