Transfer pricing comparability under TNMM: foreign exchange loss on ECB excluded from operating cost, and a functionally dissimilar comparator removed...
Fake AI-generated precedents vitiate adjudication, with unverified citations contaminating the decision-making process and undermining the rule of law...
Cheating by dishonest inducement requires a fraudulent or dishonest false representation intended to deceive, followed by the complainant acting on it through delivery of property or the requisite harm. Criminal conspiracy requires proof beyond reasonable doubt of an agreement or prior meeting of minds to commit an illegal act or a lawful act by illegal means; suspicion, association, or relationship is insufficient. Where directors are accused of corporate misconduct, cogent evidence must distinguish their individual dishonest acts, participation, or benefit from the roles of directors who were not prosecuted. Unsupported allegations of collateral security or mortgage creation do not establish dishonest inducement or conspiracy.
Cheating by dishonest inducement requires a fraudulent or dishonest false representation intended to deceive, followed by the complainant acting on it through delivery of property or the requisite harm. Criminal conspiracy requires proof beyond reasonable doubt of an agreement or prior meeting of minds to commit an illegal act or a lawful act by illegal means; suspicion, association, or relationship is insufficient. Where directors are accused of corporate misconduct, cogent evidence must distinguish their individual dishonest acts, participation, or benefit from the roles of directors who were not prosecuted. Unsupported allegations of collateral security or mortgage creation do not establish dishonest inducement or conspiracy.
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