Proportionality in company penalty quantification requires aggravating and mitigating factors; mechanical multiplication of director liability is impe...
The 2020 amendment to Section 452 did not decriminalise wrongful withholding of company property or transfer trial jurisdiction to the Adjudicating Officer under Section 454. Section 452 still contemplates a criminal offence, with the court trying the offence empowered to order delivery of the property or refund and, on default, impose imprisonment; that punitive function cannot be exercised administratively under Section 454. Read with Sections 435 and 436, the offence remains triable by the competent Judicial Magistrate. The order returning the complaint was set aside and the complaint was directed to be received and proceeded with in accordance with law.
The 2020 amendment to Section 452 did not decriminalise wrongful withholding of company property or transfer trial jurisdiction to the Adjudicating Officer under Section 454. Section 452 still contemplates a criminal offence, with the court trying the offence empowered to order delivery of the property or refund and, on default, impose imprisonment; that punitive function cannot be exercised administratively under Section 454. Read with Sections 435 and 436, the offence remains triable by the competent Judicial Magistrate. The order returning the complaint was set aside and the complaint was directed to be received and proceeded with in accordance with law.
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