Electronic participation in corporate meetings: video conferencing mandatory for listed companies after transitional period, and e-voting restricted to certified depositories. Participation by shareholders and directors under the Companies Act, 1956 may occur through electronic means; video conferencing is not mandatory for directors, is optional for shareholders during a transitional period and mandatory thereafter for listed companies. Companies choosing video conferencing must comply with the procedures in the Ministry's earlier circulars and ensure chairman and secretary verify equipment that enables concurrent, intermediary free participation. E voting at general meetings is permitted only through specified depository agencies which must obtain STQC certification.