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of <h1>Doctor Cleared of Criminal Negligence; Hospital May Face Civil Liability Over Oxygen Cylinder Availability.</h1> <h3>JACOB MATHEW Versus STATE OF PUNJAB & ANR.</h3> JACOB MATHEW Versus STATE OF PUNJAB & ANR. - 2005 (6) SCC 1, 2005 AIR 3180 Issues Involved:1. Difference between civil and criminal negligence.2. Standard of care expected from medical professionals.3. Application of the Bolam test in determining medical negligence.4. Guidelines for prosecuting medical professionals for criminal negligence.Issue-wise Detailed Analysis:1. Difference between Civil and Criminal Negligence:The judgment distinguishes between negligence in civil and criminal law. In civil law, negligence is determined by the breach of a duty that results in damage, where the standard is a preponderance of probability. In contrast, criminal negligence requires a higher degree of negligence, often described as 'gross' negligence, which involves a reckless disregard for the safety of others. For negligence to amount to a criminal offense, there must be a mens rea, or a culpable state of mind, indicating a gross or very high degree of negligence.2. Standard of Care Expected from Medical Professionals:The judgment emphasizes that negligence in the medical profession requires a different approach. A medical professional is expected to possess the requisite skill and exercise a reasonable degree of care. The standard of care is judged by the knowledge available at the time of the incident, not at the date of trial. A mere error of judgment or deviation from normal practice does not constitute negligence unless it is proven that no competent professional would have acted in the same manner. The judgment reiterates that the standard is not the highest level of expertise but that of an ordinary competent professional.3. Application of the Bolam Test in Determining Medical Negligence:The Bolam test, which is widely accepted in determining medical negligence, is reaffirmed in the judgment. According to this test, a medical professional is not negligent if they acted in accordance with a practice accepted as proper by a responsible body of medical professionals skilled in that particular art. The judgment clarifies that the test applies in India and emphasizes that a professional may be held liable for negligence if they either lack the requisite skill or fail to exercise it with reasonable competence.4. Guidelines for Prosecuting Medical Professionals for Criminal Negligence:The judgment acknowledges the increase in criminal prosecutions against medical professionals and stresses the need for caution. It proposes guidelines for prosecuting doctors for offenses involving criminal negligence. A private complaint should not be entertained without credible evidence from a competent doctor supporting the charge. Investigating officers should obtain an independent medical opinion before proceeding against a doctor. Arrests should not be made routinely unless necessary for investigation or if the doctor is unlikely to face prosecution without arrest.Case at Hand:In the specific case, the court found that the allegations did not constitute criminal negligence. The accused doctor was qualified, and the issue was related to the non-availability of an oxygen cylinder, which could implicate the hospital in civil liability but not the doctor in criminal liability. The prosecution under Section 304A/34 IPC was quashed, emphasizing that the Bolam test parameters were not met.
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