Jurisdictional limits restrict authority to invalidate central laws; state-law validity requires larger benches and a supermajority.

Special provisions restrict courts from declaring central legislation invalid and provide that State-law validity questions may be determined subject to Article 131-A. Determinations require a minimum bench of five judges (or all judges where the court has fewer), and a State law may be invalidated only by a supermajority of participating judges (or unanimous decision where fewer than five judges sit); judges disqualified for personal or pecuniary bias are excluded from the count.

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