Socially and educationally backward classes: Presidential notification defines classes for States/UTs, Parliament may amend Central List.

A new constitutional provision empowers the President to notify, for any State or Union territory and after consultation with the Governor where applicable, classes to be deemed socially and educationally backward for constitutional purposes; Parliament may by law include or exclude any such class from the Central List, while a Presidential notification is not to be otherwise varied by subsequent notifications.

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