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<h1>Empowering Presidential Authority: Article 342A Allows Specification of Backward Classes After Governor Consultation</h1> The Constitution (102nd Amendment) Act, 2018 inserts Article 342A, which empowers the President to specify socially and educationally backward classes for any State or Union territory through public notification, after consulting with the Governor in case of States. These specified classes are deemed backward for constitutional purposes in that jurisdiction. While Parliament may modify the Central List by law to include or exclude any backward class, once issued, a presidential notification cannot be altered by subsequent notifications except through parliamentary legislation.