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    Act RulesIncome Tax
    Comparison of Section 118 "Carry forward and set off of losses and unabsorbed depreciation in busine...
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    Act RulesIncome Tax
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    Act RulesIncome Tax
    Show AI Summary
    Carry-forward of predecessor losses: successor bank may set off losses as if reorganisation had not occurred, subject to continuity conditions.
    Section 118 permits successor or resulting co operative banks to carry forward and set off predecessor accumulated losses and unabsorbed depreciation on amalgamation or demerger "as if the business reorganisation had not taken place," subject to the Act's set-off and depreciation rules. Demergers transfer directly attributable losses to the resulting undertaking and require pro rata apportionment of non direct losses by asset distribution. Qualification depends on continuity of banking activity and specified fixed asset holding thresholds, deemed tax year splitting, prescribed/notified conditions, and denial of set offs as taxable income upon non compliance.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
    Show AI Summary
    Ring-fencing of race-horse losses restricts set-off to stake-money income and allows limited carry forward period.
    Losses from owning and maintaining race horses are ring-fenced and may be set off only against income from the same specified activity (stake money). Unabsorbed losses may be carried forward for set-off solely against future stake-money income in years when the assessee carries on the specified activity, subject to a limited carry-forward period after which unabsorbed amounts expire. Definitions narrow the scope of eligible income and losses.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
    Show AI Summary
    Set-off restriction for specified business losses limits use to profits of other specified business activities only.
    Losses computed in respect of a specified business carried on by the assessee in a tax year may be set off only against profits and gains of other specified business activities for that year; any portion not so set off is an unabsorbed loss that may be carried forward and set off only against profits and gains of specified businesses in subsequent years.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
    Show AI Summary
    Speculation loss ring fencing: losses only offset against speculation profits with limited carry forward and priority in set off.
    Losses from speculation business may be set off only against speculation business profits; any unabsorbed speculation business loss is carried forward and set off only against future speculation business profits, subject to a statutory temporal limitation and applied before certain other carried forward allowances. A deeming rule treats companies buying and selling shares of other companies as carrying on speculation business to that extent, subject to carve outs where specified income heads or principal business activities prevail.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
    Show AI Summary
    Carry forward of unabsorbed business loss limited to set off only against business profits, with a temporal carry forward limit.
    Unabsorbed business loss (loss under Profits and gains of business or profession excluding speculation loss not absorbed under inter head set off) shall be carried forward and may be set off only against business or profession profits in subsequent years; any amount not so set off is carried forward iteratively, subject to a limit of not more than eight succeeding tax years, and such unabsorbed loss is to be given effect before allowing set off of specified carried forward allowances.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
    Show AI Summary
    Carry forward of capital losses: limited temporal carry forward with distinct set off rules for long term and short term losses.
    A statutory regime prescribes distinct set off rules for losses under the head Capital gains: short term capital losses may be set off against gains from any other capital asset, long term capital losses only against gains from other long term assets, and any residual loss after intra year set off qualifies for carry forward but only for a limited number of succeeding tax years; the Bill defined this residual as an unabsorbed capital loss, whereas the enacted provision omits that label but retains equivalent practical effect.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
    Show AI Summary
    Carry-forward restriction of house property losses confines set-off to future house property income with a time-limited ceiling.
    Residual losses computed under Income from house property that are not wholly absorbed by intra-year set-off qualify as unabsorbed loss from house property and may be carried forward, to be set off only against future house property income in subsequent years until the loss is absorbed or the statutory temporal limit expires; the clause defines the qualifying unabsorbed loss by reference to prior application of intra-year set-off rules.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
    Show AI Summary
    Capital gains set-off rules restrict long-term losses to long-term gains while short-term losses offset any capital gains.
    Section 108 separates general intra-head set-off (excluding capital gains) from specific capital gains rules: long-term capital losses are only set off against other long-term capital gains in the same year, while short-term capital losses may be set off against gains from any capital asset, with classification and computation governed by the capital gains framework.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
    Show AI Summary
    Deeming rule for non-account-payee instruments treats amounts (including interest) as taxable income in the year of transaction.
    Amounts (including interest) borrowed or repaid through a negotiable instrument, a hundi, or any mode specified by the Board shall be deemed to be the income of the borrower or repayer for the tax year of the transaction; transactions effected by an account payee cheque are excluded, and sub-section (2) prevents re-assessment of the same amount under that sub-section on repayment.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
    Show AI Summary
    Unexplained expenditure deemed income, disallowing deduction when source is not satisfactorily explained by assessing officer.
    Section 105 deems expenditure to be income when the assessee offers no explanation of its source or offers an explanation the Assessing Officer deems unsatisfactory; the deemed amount cannot be claimed as a deduction under the Act, the deeming may apply to part of an expenditure, and the provision contains no definitions, procedural safeguards, evidentiary standards, or appeal mechanisms.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
    Show AI Summary
    Unexplained asset: acquisition expenditure governs deeming as income when taxpayers give no satisfactory explanation on source.
    An unexplained asset found to belong to an assessee, or where the asset measure exceeds recorded books, may be deemed income for the year if the assessee offers no explanation or an explanation unsatisfactory to the Assessing Officer; the enacted text measures the asset by the amount expended in acquiring such asset and expressly includes virtual digital assets, while leaving valuation mechanics, evidential burdens, and procedural standards unspecified.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
    Show AI Summary
    Unexplained investments deemed income when not recorded or inadequately explained to the assessing officer.
    Section 103 deems the value of investments to be income in the tax year where an investment is not recorded in the assessee's books of account, if any, or where the Assessing Officer finds the amount exceeds recorded entries, and the assessee either offers no explanation or an explanation that is not satisfactory in the opinion of the Assessing Officer.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
    Show AI Summary
    Unexplained credits: credited sums may be taxed if explanations are absent or unsatisfactory, shifting evidentiary burden to taxpayers and counterparties.
    Section 102 allows sums found credited in an assessee's books to be charged as income where no explanation is given or the explanation is not satisfactory to the Assessing Officer. It places special deeming requirements on loans/borrowings and certain private company receipts, requiring the person in whose name the credit stands to provide a satisfactory explanation to the Assessing Officer, while excluding specified venture capital funds from those counterparty requirements.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
    Show AI Summary
    Clubbing of family income risks expanding under revised spouse professional-income wording, increasing compliance and valuation complexities.
    Section 99 requires inclusion in an individual's total income of amounts arising to a spouse, son's wife, minor child, or where property is converted into HUF property; it prescribes exclusions for certain minor child earnings, a proportionate apportionment formula for assets invested in business or partnership, deems income to include loss, preserves a temporal carve out for conversions on or before 31 December 1969, and identifies documentation and valuation consequences where Bill wording diverges on spouse professional income carve outs, third party benefit attribution and the denominator reference date for apportionment.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
    Show AI Summary
    Deductions under Section 93 clarify allowable expenses and caps for income from other sources, with key exclusions.
    Section 93 prescribes allowable deductions in computing income from other sources, including reasonable commissions for realising dividends and interest, cross-referenced expense allowances applied "so far as may be," capped deductions for family pension depending on tax computation method, revenue expenditures wholly and exclusively laid out, a single fixed-percentage deduction for a specified income class with no other deductions permitted, and sub-section rules denying deductions for a defined dividend class while limiting interest deductions for certain dividend or unit incomes.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
    Show AI Summary
    Income from other sources determines taxability of miscellaneous receipts and prescribes valuation, thresholds, and exemptions.
    Section 92 creates a residuary head, Income from other sources, taxing miscellaneous receipts not chargeable under other heads and listing illustrative categories (dividends, winnings, specified insurance proceeds, interest, hire income, forfeited advances, compensation interest, termination payments, business trust distributions). It prescribes valuation and computation methods, monetary thresholds for gratuitous receipts with enumerated exceptions (relatives, marriage, inheritance, specified non profits, non transfer transactions), and cross references to other statutory definitions and procedures affecting payment modes and valuation challenges.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
    Show AI Summary
    Cost of acquisition rules clarify valuation and allocation for capital gains, with special treatment for intangibles and pre-existing equity holdings.
    The provision defines cost of improvement and cost of acquisition for capital gains, treating improvements to specified intangibles as nil, excluding deductible expenditures, and reducing acquisition cost by prior depreciation on goodwill. It prescribes allocation rules for acquisitions by purchase, allotment, bonus, subscription and renunciation, and provides alternative valuation anchors-including an option to adopt a historic fair market value, exchange quotes, net asset value and the Cost Inflation Index-for certain pre-existing and unlisted equity holdings.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
    Show AI Summary
    Exemption of capital gains for relocation to SEZs: reinvestment within prescribed window defers taxation, subject to deposit and scheme compliance
    Exemption applies to capital gains from transfer of assets when shifting an industrial undertaking from an urban area to a Special Economic Zone, functioning as a reinvestment relief if gains are applied to acquire or construct specified new assets in the SEZ within one year before to three years after transfer. Unutilised amounts must be deposited with a specified institution by the return filing due date and later utilised under a notified scheme; any portion unutilised after three years is charged as income. Cost basis of the new asset is adjusted for subsequent transfers within three years.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
    Show AI Summary
    Capital gains exemption on industrial relocation: reinvestment in new assets prevents taxation, subject to deposit and proof rules.
    A reinvestment linked exemption for capital gains applies where assets used in an industrial undertaking situated in a urban area are transferred as part of shifting the undertaking outside urban limits. The assessee must, within one year before or three years after transfer, acquire specified new assets or incur notified scheme expenses; reinvestment equal to or exceeding the gain prevents charging of the gain, shortfalls are charged as income, and unutilised proceeds must be deposited under a notified scheme with proof filed by the return due date.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
    Show AI Summary
    Capital gains relief for reinvestment into residential property requires timely deposit and triggers recapture if proceeds remain unutilised.
    Provision grants a proportionate exemption from long term capital gains where individuals/HUFs reinvest proceeds from sale of a non residential long term asset into one residential house in India, subject to purchase/construction time windows. Unutilised proceeds must be deposited under a notified scheme by the return filing due date with proof; recapture applies if deposits are not used within three years. The enacted text ties deposit triggers to net consideration, shortens the disqualification window for subsequent purchases, and imposes monetary caps and heightened compliance obligations.

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      AGRICULTURE INFRASTRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT CESS (AIDC)

      1 February, 2025

      Contents
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      Union Budget 2025-26 (Full) + Finance Bill, 2025

      V. AGRICULTURE INFRASTRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT CESS (AIDC)

      Notification No. 11/2021 – Customs, dated 01.02.2021 is being amended to revise the AIDC rates on the following goods (w.e.f. 02.02.2025):

      S. No.

      Heading, sub- heading, tariff item

      Commodity

      Rate

      From

      To

      1.

      2515 11 00 2515 12

      Marble and travertine, crude or roughly trimmed, merely cut into blocks, slabs and other

       Nil

       20%

      2.

      2516 11 00 2516 12 00

      Granite, crude or roughly trimmed, merely cut into blocks, slabs and other

       Nil

       20%

      3.

      3406

      Candles, Tapers and the like

      Nil

      7.5%

      4.

      3920 or 3921

      PVC Flex Films, PVC Flex Sheets, PVC Flex Banner

      Nil

      7.5%

      5.

      6401

      Waterproof Footwear with outer soles and Uppers of Rubber or Plastics

      Nil

      18.5%

      6.

      6402

      Other Footwear With Outer Soles And Uppers of Rubber or Plastics

      Nil

      18.5%

       7.

       6403

      Footwear with outer soles of rubber, plastics, leather or composition leather and uppers of leather

       Nil

       18.5%

       8.

       6404

      Footwear with outer soles of rubber, plastics, leather or composition leather and uppers of textile materials

       Nil

       18.5%

      9.

      6405

      Other Footwear

      Nil

      18.5%

      10.

      6802 10 00 6802 21 10 6802 21 20 6802 21 90 6802 91 00 6802 92 00

         Marble Slab

         Nil

         20%

      11.

      7113

      Platinum findings

      Nil

      1.4%

      12.

      8541 42 00

      Solar Cells

      Nil

      7.5%

      13.

      8541 43 00 8541 49 00

      Solar Module and Other semiconductor devices and photovoltaic cells

      Nil

      20%

      14.

      8702

      Motor vehicles for transport of 10 or more persons

      Nil

      20%

       15.

       8702

      Motor vehicles for transport of 10 or more persons when imported under S. No. 524 (1) (b) of the notification No. 50/2017- Customs

       Nil

       5%

       16.

       8702

      Motor vehicles for transport of 10 or more persons when imported under S. No. 524 (2) of the notification No. 50/2017- Customs

       Nil

       20%

      17.

      8703

      Used Motor vehicles

      Nil

      67.5%

        18.

        8703

      Motor cars and other motor vehicles principally designed for the transport of persons in other than Completely Knocked Down and Semi Knocked Down form with CIF value exceeding USD 40,000

        Nil

      40%

      19.

      8704

      Motor vehicles for transport of goods

      Nil

      20%

       20.

       8704

      Motor vehicles for transport of goods when imported under S. No. 525 (1) (b) of the notification No. 50/2017- Customs

       Nil

      5%

       21.

       8704

      Motor vehicles for transport of 10 or more persons when imported under S. No. 525 (2) of the notification No. 50/2017- Customs

       Nil

      20%

      22.

      8711

      Used motorcycles and cycles fitted with an auxiliary motor with or without side-car

      Nil

      40%

      23.

      8712 00 10

      Bicycles

      Nil

      15%

      24.

      8903

      Yachts and other vessels for pleasure of sports

      Nil

      7.5%

      25.

      9028 30 10

      Electricity meters for alternating current (Smart meter)

      Nil

      7.5%

       26.

       9401

      Seats (other than those of headings 9402), whether or not convertible into beds, and parts thereof

       Nil

      5%

      27.

      9403

      Other furniture and parts thereof

      Nil

      5%

      28.

      9404

      Mattress supports, articles of bedding and similar furnishing etc.

      Nil

      5%

       29.

       9405

      Luminaries and lighting fittings including searchlights and spotlights and parts thereof etc.

       Nil

       5%

      30.

      9503 00 91

      Parts of electronic toys

      Nil

      20%

       31.

       9503 00 91

      Parts of electronic toys for manufacture of electronic toys (S. No. 591 of notification No. 50/2017-Customs dated 30.06.2017)

       Nil

       7.5%

      32.

      9802 00 00

      Laboratory Chemicals (other than those attracting 10% BCD for specified end use)

      Nil

      70%

       


      Full Text:

      Union Budget 2025-26 (Full) + Finance Bill, 2025

      Topics

      ActsIncome Tax